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REVIEW ARTICLE

The role of NRG1 and its receptor HER3 in gastrointestinal tumors

Yue Zhao1 ,  Yuting Yong1 ,  Yuanshuai Li1 ,  Wenling Zhan1 ,  Yuyang Song2,3,4 ,  Chong Li2* ,  Wenting Pan1* ,  Xinlong Yan1*
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1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
2 Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, City, Province, China
3 Zhongke Bio-Manufacturing Innovation Center, Beijing, China
4 Zhongke Jianlan (Beijing) Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
CP, 025520093 https://doi.org/10.36922/CP025520093
Received: 28 December 2026 | Revised: 24 February 2026 | Accepted: 6 March 2026 | Published online: 21 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel findings in cancer stem cells research and therapy)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), as a key ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, plays a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of various solid tumors by binding to human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) and activating downstream signaling pathways. In recent years, NRG1 gene fusions have been identified as rare oncogenic drivers in gastrointestinal tumors, with their abnormal expression in gastric and colorectal cancers closely associated with poor patient prognosis. This paper systematically reviews the biological functions and mechanisms of the NRG1/HER3 signaling axis in gastrointestinal tumors, while outlining research progress on its potential as a therapeutic target. Given the rapid development and exploratory nature of this field, this narrative review synthesizes key biological discoveries and clinical advances from current literature. It further explores the clinical prospects and challenges of therapeutic strategies targeting the NRG1/HER3 pathway, including treatment efficacy heterogeneity, complex mechanisms of drug resistance, and clinical limitations of different targeted agents. This review aims to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent research and clinical practice.

Keywords
Drug resistance
Gastrointestinal tumors
Gene fusion
HER3
NRG1
Targeted therapy
Tumor microenvironment
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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