AccScience Publishing / MSAM / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.36922/MSAM025290063
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REVIEW ARTICLE

Influence of porous structures on the degradation behavior of additively manufactured magnesium and magnesium alloy orthopedic implants

Haoxuan Zeng1 ,  Huiwen Huang1,2* ,  Qiao Li2* ,  Chunli Song3,4,5 ,  Lizhen Wang1,2 ,  Yubo Fan1,2
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1 Medical Engineering and Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
2 Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
3 Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
5 Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
MSAM 2026, 5(1), 025290063 https://doi.org/10.36922/MSAM025290063
Received: 15 July 2025 | Accepted: 12 August 2025 | Published online: 7 October 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The escalating incidence of bone defects has prompted a substantial demand for orthopedic implants, and additively manufactured biodegradable porous magnesium and magnesium alloy orthopedic implants have demonstrated significant potential for clinical applications. However, the mismatch between degradation-induced changes in mechanical properties and tissue regeneration remains a major challenge hindering their applications. As porous structure is a critical factor influencing the degradation behavior of magnesium/magnesium alloy orthopedic implants, this study aims to comprehensively review the current state of research in this area. The degradation behavior of magnesium/magnesium alloy orthopedic implants has been investigated using both experimental and numerical simulation methods. Degradation experiments have enabled direct observations of the influences of structures on degradation behavior and underlying mechanisms. Numerical simulations have been employed to analyze the stress and strain distributions within the structure during degradation and surrounding tissue regeneration, facilitating the investigation of the “structure-stress-tissue regeneration” regulation on degradation. Porous structures play critical roles in regulating mechanical properties, bearing physiological loads, and establishing a localized mechanical microenvironment of magnesium/magnesium alloy orthopedic implants. Design variables, including porosity, specific surface area, pore size, shape, and interconnectivity, influence the macroscopic mechanical properties, structural deformation, stress distribution, and contact with surrounding tissues, thereby regulating degradation behavior and tissue regeneration of implants. However, models that quantitatively describe the “porous structural variables-degradation-tissue regeneration” interaction remain to be developed. This study systematically summarizes the influences of porous structures on the degradation behavior of additively manufactured magnesium/ magnesium alloy orthopedic implants and the “structure-mechanics-degradation-biology” interaction mechanisms. This review provides a systematic understanding of the state-of-the-art research and future directions to guide the development and applications of orthopedic implants.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Magnesium alloy
Porous orthopedic implants
Microstructures
Degradation behavior
Tissue regeneration
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12425209, 12402351, 12332019, 12172043), the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. L241067), and the Research Funding of Hangzhou International Innovation Institute of Beihang University (No. 2024KQ108).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing, Electronic ISSN: 2810-9635 Published by AccScience Publishing
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