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REVIEW ARTICLE

The multifaceted health benefits of honey: A natural antimicrobial, antioxidant, and complementary therapeutic agent

Yuhan Xie1 ,  Paolo Coghi1*
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1 School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
MI, 6592 https://doi.org/10.36922/mi.6592
Submitted: 27 November 2024 | Revised: 13 January 2025 | Accepted: 7 February 2025 | Published: 20 February 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Honey is a natural product of ethnopharmacology widely used worldwide and in the fast-changing world of science and technology. Packed with the rich chemical compositions, this traditional nutrient has been indicated for a variety of new uses. In this paper, different varieties of honey with rich nutritional value and multidimensional use are comprehensively discussed for their antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic effects. In addition, the effects of honey in promoting wound healing, regulating oxidative stress, regulating cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems are discussed comprehensively. The underlying reasons for the numerous benefits of honey are analyzed in detail, such as its unique chemical environment, the special composition of its inclusions, and its nutritional treasure trove of polyphenols, flavonoids, bioenzymes, amino acids, and glucose. More importantly, the article explores in detail the value of honey’s use as an alternative to antibiotics for a wide range of bacteria and fungi, as well as in addressing serious problems such as antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, honey is a widely used natural product with minimal side effects and boasts huge potential in a wide range of applications, especially as a new type of antibiotic with virtually no countermeasures, which deserves further exploration through clinical research.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Honey
Virus
Bacteria
Glucose
Manuka honey
Funding
This research was funded by FDCT grants from Macao Science and Technology University to P.C. (Project Code: 0005-2023-RIA1).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Microbes & Immunity, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2883 Print ISSN: 3041-0886, Published by AccScience Publishing
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