AccScience Publishing / JCBP / Volume 2 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.36922/jcbp.2988
REVIEW

Eudaimonia as a treatment goal in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine

Michael Linden1*
Show Less
1 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Submitted: 21 February 2024 | Accepted: 29 March 2024 | Published: 29 May 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Psychotherapy encompasses a broad range of goals, ranging from the alleviation of symptoms and the prevention of recurrence to the enhancement of well-being. These goals are mostly cross-sectional and hedonic-oriented in the sense of wellness, happiness, and absence of pain. However, an alternative goal is eudaimonia, which involves mastery of life from a long-term perspective. This pursuit entails embracing and even seeking hardship and confrontation with adversities for the sake of higher goods and goals. Eudaimonia, both an attitude and a behavior, is essential for everybody, especially individuals facing challenging circumstances and burdensome life situations, such as familial burdens, job problems, and illness. Eudaimonia can be attained through wisdom, which is regarded in lifespan psychology as a multidimensional capacity for coping with complex challenges and dilemmas in life. Initial studies suggest that wisdom skills are trainable, opening additional avenues in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine. It is argued that eudaimonia deserves increased attention in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine.

Keywords
Mastery of life
Dilemmas
Goals in life
Hedonia
Euthymia
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.
References
  1. Bobonich C. Socrates and eudaimonia. In: Fowler R, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Socrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p. 293-332.

 

  1. Kahn CH. Democritus and the origins of moral psychology. Am J Philol. 1985;106:1-31. doi: 10.2307/295049

 

  1. Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potential: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:141-166. doi: 101146/annurev.psych.52.2.141

 

  1. Viterso J. Handbook of Eudaimic Well-Being. Berlin: Springer; 2016.

 

  1. Segall SZ, Segall SZ. What is eudaimonia? In: Segall SZ, editor. Buddhism and Human Flourishing. A Modern Western Perspective. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2020. p. 33-61. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-37027-5_3

 

  1. Ryff CD. In pursuit of eudaimonia: Past advances and future directions. In: Las Heras M, Grau MG, Rofcanin Y, editors. Human Flourishing. Berlin: Springer; 2023. p. 9-31. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-09786-7_2

 

  1. Sun W, Liu L, Zheng Z, Jiang Y, Fang P. Why eudemonia bring more happiness: The multiple mediating roles of meaning of life and emotions. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:18749-18760. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03058-2

 

  1. Mise TR, Busseri M. The full life revisited: Examining hedonia and eudaimonia as general orientations, motives for activities, and experiences of wellbeing. Int J Wellbeing. 2020;10:74-86. doi: 10.5502/ijw.v10i4.951

 

  1. Shin S, van Riper CJ, Stedman RC, Suski CD. The value of eudaimonia for understanding relationships among values and pro-environmental behavior. J Environ Psychol. 2022;80:101778. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101778

 

  1. Fava GA, Guidi J. The pursuit of euthymia. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:40-50. doi: 10.1002/wps.20698

 

  1. Van Agteren J, Iasiello M, Lo L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing. Nat Hum Behav. 2021;5:631-652. doi: 10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w

 

  1. Linden M. Wisdom and wisdom psychotherapy in coping with stress. In: Koh KB, editor. Somatization and Psychosomatic Symptoms. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 273-281.

 

  1. Teasdale JD, Segal Z, Williams MG. How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapses and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:25-39. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7

 

  1. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006

 

  1. Linehan MM. Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, U S A: Guilford Press; 1993.

 

  1. Cosco TD, Kaushal A, Hardy R, Richards M, Kuh D, Stafford M. Operationalising resilience in longitudinal studies: A systematic review of methodological approaches. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71:98-104. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-206980

 

  1. Schwarz S. Resilience in psychology: A critical analysis of the concept. Theory Psychol. 2018;28:528-541. doi: 10.1177/0959354318783

 

  1. WHO. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Geneva: ICF, WHO; 2001.

 

  1. Danziger S, Frank RG, Meara E. Mental illness, work, and income support programs. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:398-404. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020297

 

  1. Rössler W, Drake RE. Psychiatric rehabilitation in Europe. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26:216-222. doi: 10.1017/S2045796016000858

 

  1. Seligman MEP, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. Am Psychol. 2000;55:5-14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

 

  1. Chaves C, Lopez-Gomez I, Hervas G, Vazquez C. A comparative study on the efficacy of a positive psychology intervention and a cognitive behavioral therapy for clinical depression. Cogn Ther Res. 2017;41:417-433. doi: 10.1007/s10608-016-9778-9

 

  1. Waterman AS. Toward a theory of maldaimonia. J Theor Philos Psychol. 2022;42:202-219. doi: 10.1037/teo0000198

 

  1. Martela F. Self-Determination Theory as the Science of Eudaimonia and Good Living: Promoting the Better Side of Human Nature. In: Ryan MR, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Self-Determination Theory. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2023. p. 309-323.

 

  1. Wei X, Wang F. Selflessness and eudaimonia: Self-based processes of wisdom. Adv Psychol Sci. 2020;28:1880-1889. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01880

 

  1. Grénman M, Uusitalo O, Räikkönen J. Eudaimonia and temperance: A pathway to a flourishing life. In: Elo M, Hytönen J, Karkulehto S, et al., editors. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Planetary Well-Being. London: Taylor & Francis; 2024.

 

  1. Demeter C, MacInnes S, Dolnicar S. Defining and operationalizing eight forms of eudaimonia and hedonia and assessing tourism-specific context-dependency. J Travel Res. 2023;62:1448-1459. doi: 10.1177/0047287522113

 

  1. Carrozzino D, Svicher A, Patierno C, Berrocal C, Cosci F. The euthymia scale: A clinimetric analysis. Psychother Psychosom. 2019;88:119-122. doi: 10.1159/000496230

 

  1. Lewis GJ, Kanai R, Rees G, Bates TC. Neural correlates of the “good life”: Eudaimonic well-being is associated with insular cortex volume. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9:615-618. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst032

 

  1. Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it. Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;57:1069-1081. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069

 

  1. Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML. Building a neuroscience of pleasure and well-being. Psychol Well Being. 2011;1:1-3. doi: 10.1186/2211-1522-1-3

 

  1. Baselmans BML, Bartels M. A genetic perspective on the relationship between eudaimonic-and hedonic well-being. Sci Rep. 2018;8:14610. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32638-1

 

  1. Baltes PB, Staudinger UM. Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. Am Psychol. 2000;55:122-136. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.122

 

  1. Staudinger UM, Glück J. Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annu Rev Psychol. 2011;62:215-241. doi: 101146/annurev.psych.121208.131659

 

  1. Walsh R. What is wisdom? Cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary syntheses. Rev Gen Psychol. 2015;19:178-293. doi: 10.1037/gpr000

 

  1. Blockley D. Finding resilience through practical wisdom. Civil Eng Environ Syst. 2015;32:18-30. doi: 10.1080/10286608.2015.1022725

 

  1. Ardelt M, Gerlach KR, Vaillant GE. Early and midlife predictors of wisdom and subjective well-being in old age. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73:1514-1525. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gby017

 

  1. Linden M. Promoting resilience and Well-being with wisdom and wisdom therapy. In: Fava GA, Ruini C, editors. Increasing Well-Being in Clinical and Educational Setting. Interventions and Cultural Context. Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 75-90.

 

  1. Linden M. Embitterment, Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder, and Wisdom Therapy. Bern: Hogrefe; 2023.

 

  1. Jeste DV, Lee EE. Emerging empirical science of wisdom: Definition, measurement, neurobiology, longevity, and interventions. Harvard Rev Psychiatry. 2019;27:127-140. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000205

 

  1. Grossman I. Wisdom in context. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2017;12:233-257. doi: 10.1177/1745691616672

 

  1. Waterman AS, Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, et al. The questionnaire for eudaimonic well-being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5:41-61. doi: 10.1080/17439760903435208

 

  1. Ardelt M. Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Res Aging. 2003;25:275-324. doi: 10.1177/016402750302500

 

  1. Glück J. Measuring wisdom: Existing approaches, continuing challenges, and new developments. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73:1393-1403. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx140

 

  1. Muschalla B. Wisdom capacities in people with and without chronic mental health problems: A representative survey on a general German adult population. J Clin Basic Psychosom. 2023;1:0945. doi: 10.36922/jcbp.0945

 

  1. Linden M, Lieberei B, Noack N. Wisdom attitudesand coping with life in psychosomatic patients. Psychother Psychosom Med. 2019;69:332-338. doi: 10.1055/a-0813-2040

 

  1. Oldham JM. Eudaimonia. J Psychiatr Pract. 2022;28:91. doi: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000616

 

  1. Bruya B, Ardelt M. Wisdom can be taught: A proof-of-concept study for fostering wisdom in the classroom. Learn Instr. 2018;58:106-114. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.05.001

 

  1. Linden M, Baumann K, Lieberei B, Lorenz C, Rotter M. Treatment of posttraumatic embitterment disorder with cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology and hedonia strategies. Psychother Psychosom. 2011;80:199-205. doi: 10.1159/000321580

 

  1. Barrientos-Rastrojo J, Gómez-Bujedo J. Can wisdom be taught by philosophical practice? An experimental research in Spain, Norway, Croatia and Mexico. J Humanit Ther. 2019;10:33-64. doi: 10.33252/jht.2019.06.10.1.33

 

  1. Lee EE, Bangen KJ, Avanzino JA, et al. Outcomes of randomized clinical trials of interventions to enhance social, emotional, and spiritual components of wisdom: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:925-35. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0821

 

  1. Kornoghabi R, Asoudeh M. The effectiveness of wisdom-therapy on EFL teachers’ Occupational burnout. Iran J Learn Mem. 2021;4:15-28. doi: 10.22034/iepa.2021.145349

 

  1. Linden M, Mossakowski A. Wisdom therapy group manual. Psychosoc Med Rehabil. 2022;35:45-56.

 

  1. Grossmann I, Kross E. Exploring Solomon’s paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychol Sci. 2014;25:1571-1580. doi: 10.1177/0956797614535400

 

  1. Huta V. How distinct are eudaimonia and hedonia? It depends on how they are measured. J Well Being Assess. 2020;4:511-537. doi: 10.1007/s41543-021-00046-4

 

  1. Pancheva MG, Ryff CD, Lucchini M. An integrated look at well-being: Topological clustering of combinations and correlates of hedonia and eudaimonia. J Happiness Stud. 2021;22:2275-2297. doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00325-6
Share
Back to top
Journal of Clinical and Basic Psychosomatics, Electronic ISSN: 2972-4414 Published by AccScience Publishing