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REVIEW ARTICLE

Tyrosine kinases: Structural insights and mechanistic roles in cancer progression and therapeutics

Eswar Kumar Nadendla1* ,  Gangadhar P. Vadla2 ,  Manohar Radhakrishnan3 ,  Raghavendra Sashi Krishna Nagampalli1*
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1 Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
2 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
IMO, 025200022 https://doi.org/10.36922/IMO025200022
Received: 15 May 2025 | Revised: 9 July 2025 | Accepted: 17 July 2025 | Published online: 20 August 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are key enzymes of cellular signaling, regulating key processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and apoptosis. Tyrosine kinases (TKs) modulate protein functions in normal and disease states by phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on target proteins. In this critical role, dysregulation of TKs is directly linked with disease progression, particularly in cancer, therefore making TKs an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The PTK family is broadly classified into receptor TKs (RTKs) and non-receptor TKs (NRTKs), having variation at both structural and functional levels. RTKs are membrane-bound kinases that initiate intracellular signaling when they react with extracellular ligands, whereas NRTKs within the cytoplasm or nucleus convey intracellular signaling upon receptor activation. This paper aims to review the organization, mechanistic activity, and therapeutic potential of PTKs, with a particular focus on epidermal growth factor receptor and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (Src) as representatives of RTK and NRTK, respectively. In addition, this review also focuses on addressing emerging strategies to enhance tyrosine kinase inhibitor efficacy and overcome acquired resistance in cancer therapy.

Keywords
Protein tyrosine kinases
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases
Cancer
Src kinase
Exo-site
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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