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REVIEW ARTICLE

Three-dimensional bioprinting in tendon/ ligament–bone interface regeneration: From design innovations to performance enhancement

Ying Ji1,2† ,  Zheng Lv3† ,  Hongfu Jin1,2 ,  Jiahui Chen1,2 ,  Xin Tang1,2*
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1 Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
2 Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 025410419 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025410419
Received: 11 October 2025 | Accepted: 7 November 2025 | Published online: 12 November 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The tendon/ligament–bone (T/L–B) interface represents a critical junction where tendons and ligaments anchor to bone and is characterized by a complex, graded structure. Pathological conditions caused by aging, lifestyle factors, or trauma can severely impair this interface, leading to functional deficits and a significant decline in quality of life. However, replicating the intricate structural and biological features of the native T/L–B interface remains a major challenge with conventional fabrication methods. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a promising approach for tissue repair and regeneration. This review aims to summarize the application of 3D bioprinting technologies in the reconstruction of the T/L–B interface. The review first provides a brief overview of the biology of the T/L–B interface. It then examines recent innovations in 3D printing technologies, biomaterials, and gradient structure design applied to interface regeneration. The review also explores strategies for optimizing the mechanical performance and bioactivity of 3D-bioprinted scaffolds for T/L–B interface regeneration. Finally, it highlights current challenges and future directions for advancing 3D bioprinting in this field. This review provides new insights into the clinical translation of 3D-bioprinted T/L–B interface constructs and may inform the future development of next-generation orthopedic implants.  

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Gradient scaffold design
Tendon/ligament–bone interface
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Tissue engineering
Funding
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grabt Nos. 82072514 and 82272569).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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