AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 12 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.36922/IJB025490507
REVIEW ARTICLE

Three-dimensional printing-based solutions for osteochondral regeneration: Tailoring strategies to region-specific requirements

Maoying Yang1 Xinyue Tang1 Yurui Tian1 Yue Liao1 Linyi Zhu2* Haozhe Chen1,2*
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1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
2 Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX37FY, Oxford, United Kingdom
IJB 2026, 12(2), 025490507 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025490507
Received: 2 December 2025 | Revised: 29 December 2025 | Accepted: 13 February 2026 | Published online: 13 February 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Tissue engineering (TE) holds significant potential for repairing osteochondral (OC) defects caused by trauma and degenerative diseases. However, the structural and functional heterogeneity between cartilage and bone imposes distinct requirements for regenerative outcomes, while stable integration of the OC interface remains a critical clinical hurdle. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, leveraging the advantages of personalized manufacturing and precise structural control, systematically optimizes the synergistic application of core TE elements (cells, growth factors, and scaffolds) during fabrication, offering advanced solutions for OC TE. By mimicking the biomechanics and the physiological regulatory mechanisms of native joints, 3D printing facilitates appropriate microenvironments across material, structural, and mechanical levels. Endowed with outstanding reasoning and predictive advantages, artificial intelligence (AI) has greatly advanced the development of 3D printing. In OC TE, AI exhibits promising applications throughout the 3D printing workflow, including printing process parameter regulation, ink evaluation, and scaffold design optimization. This paper systematically reviews OC TE’s general and region-specific requirements, followed by 3D printing’s innovative solutions and AI-assisted breakthroughs. Finally, we discuss the limitations and prospects of this interdisciplinary integration of 3D printing and AI in OC TE.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Osteochondral regeneration
Tissue engineering
Three-dimensional printing
Artificial intelligence
Machine learning
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82301112), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2024NSFSC1592), and the Sichuan Provincial Medical Association Youth Innovation Project (Q20250030).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing