Bone defects pose a high risk of non-union and permanent disability, making effective bone regeneration a critical focus in the development of bone repair materials. Current research primarily emphasizes enhancing the single osteogenic function of bone repair materials, while neglecting the impact of the complex microenvironment in bone defect areas. This has resulted in the failure of many developed bone repair materials to achieve effective in vivo bone regeneration. In this study, a multifunctional near-infrared light-responsive black phosphorus (BP) bone repair scaffold was fabricated via low-temperature deposition 3D printing. In vitro characterization demonstrated that the scaffold possesses a cancellous bone-like structure, moderate compressive strength, and cytocompatibility, with the ability to promote osteogenesis under inflammatory conditions. In vivo studies further confirmed its favorable photothermal responsiveness, enabling photothermal therapy (PTT) to accelerate bone regeneration while reducing inflammation in the defect area. These findings indicate that the multifunctional BP scaffold achieves superior bone repair outcomes through synergistic effects of anti-inflammation, promotion of osteogenic differentiation, and PTT, thereby improving the success rate of defect repair. Moreover, the simple fabrication process and satisfactory therapeutic efficacy of this multifunctional BP scaffold highlight its high potential for clinical translation.