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REVIEW ARTICLE

Vascular organoids in cardiovascular medicine: From stem cell biology to precision medicine

Qiuyue Gao1† ,  Caihua Long2† ,  Anjun Zhong2 ,  Baoqi Yu1,3*
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1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
3 Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
Global Translational Medicine, 025350068 https://doi.org/10.36922/GTM025350068
Received: 31 August 2025 | Revised: 31 December 2025 | Accepted: 29 January 2026 | Published online: 21 July 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. However, conventional therapies incompletely address disease heterogeneity, and conventional in vitro models do not accurately recapitulate the complex vascular microenvironment. Embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells, including adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, provide a robust cellular foundation for constructing functional vascular networks through multidirectional differentiation and paracrine signaling. Advanced technologies for generating vascularized organoids, including co-culture systems, bioprinting, and growth factor modulation, have markedly enhanced organoid survival, structural stability, and physiological fidelity. These organoids have enabled the formation of functional vascular networks in multiple organ systems, including the brain, kidney, and heart, while faithfully reproducing both disease-associated pathological features and normal physiological functions. As a result, they serve as versatile platforms for investigating mechanisms of vascular disease, performing high-throughput drug screening, evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity, and developing personalized therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, vascularized organoids facilitate mechanistic studies on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and cell–cell interactions within physiologically relevant three-dimensional contexts, offering insights that are difficult to obtain from conventional two-dimensional cultures or animal models. This review systematically summarizes the roles of various stem cells in angiogenesis, outlines strategies for constructing vascularized organoids, and highlights their emerging applications in modeling vascular-associated diseases and regenerative therapy, providing a comprehensive reference for advancing both basic research and clinical translation in vascular medicine.

Keywords
Vascularized organoid
Stem cell
Angiogenesis
Vascular remodeling
Cardiovascular disease
Precision medicine
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271231) and the Open Research Fund Program of Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (Grant number: 04410306024).
Conflict of interest
Baoqi Yu serves as an Editorial Board Member for this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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Global Translational Medicine, Electronic ISSN: 2811-0021 Print ISSN: 3060-8600, Published by AccScience Publishing
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