In countries where public health, sanitation, and safety are relatively well controlled, cancer has emerged as the leading barrier to longevity. This reflects the multifaceted nature of cancer—a collective term encompassing diverse pathophysiological processes that remain incompletely understood. Despite continuous progress, effective treatments for many cancers remain elusive. Recent technological advances—from molecular sequencing and integrated omics to groundbreaking discoveries in tumor immunology—have profoundly reshaped current understanding of cancer development and therapeutic resistance.

This special issue aims to gather innovative studies that explore the molecular, cellular, and clinical dimensions of cancer biology and therapy. Original preclinical and clinical researchas well as short reports are particularly encouraged, focusing on novel molecular targets, immune modulation, therapeutic strategies, and translational approaches. Systematic reviews may be considered only in exceptional cases where they clearly provide substantial and novel value to the field.

Topics of interest include tumor immunology, immunometabolism, immune aging, endocrinology of cancer, tolerance and autoimmunity, as well as advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and pharmacological interventions, including studies investigating the integration or association of these therapeutic modalities. By bridging molecular mechanisms and clinical insight, this issue seeks to stimulate new perspectives in the ongoing fight against cancer.