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Depression and its major risk factors in India: A narrative review

Agar Chander Pushap1 ,  Srishty Sudershan2 ,  Sheetal Bhagat3,4 ,  Pallavi Sachdeva4 ,  Mohd Younis5,6 ,  Amrit Sudershan5,7* ,  Parvinder Kumar5,6*
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1 Department of Education, University Wing, Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, India
3 Department of Psychology, Government Degree College Billawar, Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir, India
4 Department of Psychology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
5 Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
6 Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
7 Department of Human Genetics, Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Advanced Neurology, 5940 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.5940
Submitted: 14 November 2024 | Revised: 9 January 2025 | Accepted: 11 February 2025 | Published: 20 March 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Major depressive disorder is a complex neurological condition marked by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in daily activities for at least 2 weeks. It significantly affects mental, emotional, and physical health and is a major contributor to global disease. In India, rising depression rates have demonstrated the necessity of better understanding its causes for improved interventions and public health policies. This review comprehensively explores the diverse factors contributing to the increasing prevalence of depression in India. An unstructured survey of research articles and a detailed literature review were conducted using electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and Elsevier. The findings reveal that in India, depression stems from a combination of external and internal risk factors. External factors such as cultural norms and gender roles heavily influence societal perceptions of mental health and individual psychological experiences. Other significant external contributors include educational stress, unemployment, occupational pressure, and challenges from rapid urbanization. Meanwhile, internal factors including genetic predisposition and epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role in individual susceptibility to depression. These biological factors interact with environmental stressors to shape the onset and progression of depression. Based on the findings, rising depression rates in India necessitate targeted efforts to address modifiable factors, such as stigma, work stress, and mental healthcare access, while recognizing genetic influences. A comprehensive strategy that integrates policy reforms and community initiatives is crucial for reducing the burden of depression in India.

Keywords
Major depressive disorder
Healthcare in India
Depression risk factors
Mental health
Public health policy
Culture
Gender
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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