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Reactive antibodies against brain antigens as serological biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases

June Egiguren-Ortiz1,2 ,  Celtia Domínguez-Fernández1,2 ,  Jone Razquin2,3 ,  Laura De las Heras-García2,4 ,  Egoitz Astigarraga1 ,  Cristina Miguelez2,3* ,  Gabriel Barreda-Gómez1*
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1 Research and Development Division, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., Zamudio, Spain
2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
3 Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
4 University of Bordeaux, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
Advanced Neurology 2024, 3(1), 2058 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.2058
Submitted: 18 October 2023 | Accepted: 9 January 2024 | Published: 13 March 2024
© 2024 by the Author (s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The aging of the population, attributed to increased life expectancy, coincides with a rise in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms of these disorders, such as motor disturbances and cognitive impairment, occur only after significant neurological damage, greatly diminishing the effectiveness of treatments. Consequently, achieving early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases stands as a paramount global health challenge. These conditions are characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal groups in the nervous system, resulting in dysfunction and eventual cell death in the brain. Although the exact cause of neuronal degeneration remains largely unknown, recent studies have revealed the significant involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Notably, the identification of reactive antibodies targeting specific antigens has highlighted a close association between immune mechanisms and the neurodegenerative process. Thus, the aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of the adaptive immune system and their impact on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus on reactive antibodies and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.

Keywords
Biomarker
Neurodegenerative diseases
Reactive antibodies
Adaptive immune
Funding
This work was supported by part of the Grant PID2 021-126434OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF A way of making Europe. It was also funded by the Basque Government (BIKAINTEK program: 005-B2/2021, 007-B2/2020; IT1706- 22 and PUE21-03) and the University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU (PIFIND21/04, PIFI20/05 and COLAB20/07).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Advanced Neurology, Electronic ISSN: 2810-9619 Print ISSN: 3060-8589, Published by AccScience Publishing
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