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REVIEW ARTICLE

Microplastics distribution in the soil: A review

Helen Shnada Auta1,2 ,  Innocent Ojeba Musa3 ,  Sesan Abiodun Aransiola4 ,  Hussaini Anthony Makun2,5 ,  Auwalu Hassan6 ,  Udeme Josiah Joshua Ijah1 ,  David Oyeyemi Aboyeji1 ,  Shahul Hamid Fauziah7,8 ,  Naga Raju Maddela9 ,  Ram Prasad10*
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1 Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
2 Department of Microbiology, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
3 Department of Microbiology, School of Science and Information Technology, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
5 Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
6 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Kashere, Gombe, Nigeria
7 Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
8 Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
9 Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
10 Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India
AJWEP, 025310243 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP025310243
Received: 1 August 2025 | Revised: 18 November 2025 | Accepted: 26 December 2025 | Published online: 2 January 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The pervasive use of plastics in modern society has led to significant environmental concerns about plastic pollution. As demand for plastic materials continues to rise, the improper disposal of plastic waste poses a substantial threat to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Microplastics, defined as plastic debris <5 mm in diameter, have emerged as a contaminant of global significance. While extensive research has focused on microplastic pollution in oceans, the impact on terrestrial environments remains understudied. The heterogeneous distribution of microplastics raises concerns about soil health, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Microplastics are not uniformly distributed across soil profiles. Instead, they often accumulate in topsoil layers where they interact with plant roots, microorganisms, and soil fauna. Their presence has been linked to changes in soil structure, reduced water holding capacity, and disruptions in microbial community dynamics. Understanding the patterns, pathways, and mechanisms governing microplastic distribution is therefore critical for developing informed mitigation strategies. If the food chain is disrupted, it can have negative impacts on soil biota, raising worries about human health. In this review, microplastics’ impacts on soil biogeochemistry and their interactions with soil organisms are discussed, along with their properties, research trends, and other factors. Recent findings suggest that soil serves as a primary sink and transporter of microplastics, which can then enter aquatic ecosystems and affect soil biota, potentially disrupting the food chain and human health. We emphasize the need for ongoing study into the impact of microplastics on terrestrial ecosystems.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Microplastics
Food insecurity
Soil
Air
Plants
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
Ram Prasad is an Editorial Board Member of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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