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Enhancers and super-enhancers as master regulators in cancer

Pouya Sarvari1†* ,  Pourya Sarvari1† ,  Ivonne Ramirez-Diaz2 ,  Karla Rubio2
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1 Iran’s National Elite Foundation, Tehran, Iran
2 International Laboratory EPIGEN-CONCYTEP-BUAP; Puebla, Mexico
INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences 2024, 7(3), 3654 https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.3654
Submitted: 13 May 2024 | Accepted: 12 July 2024 | Published: 24 July 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Gene expression regulation is one of the most fundamental cellular processes, enabling the activation of a gene to produce either the translatable protein-coding transcript (mRNA) or a functional non-coding RNA with gene regulatory functions, ultimately determining cell identity and function. Although gene expression regulation can occur at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels, transcription initiation is the first and the most important step in gene expression, facilitating the transfer of biological information from DNA to protein. Enhancers and super-enhancers are among the master regulators of tissue- and cell-specific transcription regulation involved in cell differentiation and tumor formation. Despite four decades passing since the first discovery of enhancers in eukaryotes and extensive efforts undertaken to identify enhancers on a genomic scale during the last decade, the discovery of enhancers still faces certain limitations and needs further investigation. The perturbation of enhancer function due to genetic or epigenetic changes is closely linked to a range of human disorders, including the development and progression of cancers. Thus, the detection of early cancer-related enhancer activity and the subsequent normalization of expression abnormalities using enhancer-targeting CRISPR epigenetic editing, as well as enhancer-targeting pharmaceuticals, are regarded as groundbreaking therapeutic tactics in preclinical stages.

Keywords
CRISPR
Epigenetic editing
Enhancer-promoter loop
Enhancer-targeting drugs
Non-coding transcript
Super-enhancers
Transcription
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences, Electronic ISSN: 2705-0823 Print ISSN: 2705-0734, Published by AccScience Publishing
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