Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a recurring issue in women’s health as a result of the associated high economic burden. Our study profiled antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in Proteus species isolated from women with UTI from the University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria. A total of 368 women aged 18 and above participated in the study. Urine samples were collected from volunteers and screened for significant bacteriuria using the pour plate technique. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests, and Proteus species were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The plasmids of the isolates were extracted and identified using agarose gel electrophoresis. Only 21 participants had significant bacteriuria, and 9 bacterial genera were isolated from their urine samples. Escherichia coli (52.4%), Klebsiella sp. (57.1%), and Proteus sp. (42.9%) were the most occurring species, while Corynebacterium sp. (4.8%) was found in only one patient. The demographic profile revealed that women aged 31–40 with a 40% incidence of Proteus sp. were the most susceptible group, and women who use a water system for sewage disposal and a borehole water source each had an incidence of 80%, respectively. Four Proteus isolates, P3, P5, P6, and P9, were resistant to nine antibiotics, and streptomycin had the best inhibition against the 10 Proteus isolates. Adhesion and hemolysin plasmids were the most commonly identified virulence plasmids, while resistance plasmids included conjugative R-plasmid, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase plasmids, and multi-conjugative plasmids of 50 kb, 40 kb, 80 kb, and 200 kb, respectively. The findings underscore the need for improved surveillance of antibiotic resistance promoters in the community. The co-occurrence of multiple plasmids is of concern as it promotes antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer.