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REVIEW ARTICLE

Obesity management: An update on the available pharmacotherapy

Eleni Christaki1 ,  Chrystalla Protopapa1 ,  Angeliki Siamidi1 ,  Marilena Vlachou1*
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1 Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
IMO, 8316 https://doi.org/10.36922/imo.8316
Submitted: 31 December 2024 | Revised: 17 February 2025 | Accepted: 19 February 2025 | Published: 4 March 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Obesity is a complex condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation, leading to significant health risks, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers. Its multifactorial etiology encompasses genetic predispositions, behavioral factors, like poor eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, and hormonal imbalances involving leptin and insulin resistance. In addition to lifestyle interventions, such as balanced diets and regular physical activity, pharmacological therapies play a pivotal role in managing obesity. Approved medications include orlistat, which inhibits fat absorption by blocking gastrointestinal lipases; liraglutide and semaglutide, which are glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists that regulate appetite and glucose metabolism; phentermine/topiramate, which combines appetite suppression and satiety enhancement; and naltrexone/bupropion, which modulates the brain’s reward pathways to reduce food cravings. Advanced therapies, such as setmelanotide, target genetic deficiencies affecting appetite regulation, while tirzepatide, a dual gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and GLP-1 receptor agonist, enhances satiety and metabolic control. Bariatric surgery remains a viable option for severe cases. With the inception of individualized treatment plans and the ongoing research into genetic and metabolic factors, the development of targeted, effective therapies, devoid of serious adverse effects, continues to evolve, offering hope for improved obesity management.

Keywords
Obesity
Childhood obesity
Epidemiology of obesity
Causes of obesity
Clinical imaging of obesity
Anti-obesity medications
Weight management
Funding
This work was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the 5th Call for HFRI PhD Fellowships grant to C.P. (Fellowship Number: 20610).
Conflict of interest
Marilena Vlachou is an Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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