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REVIEW ARTICLE

Incretin mimetics for the management of diabetes and associated comorbidities: An overview

Faryal Haider1 ,  Syed M. Imam2 ,  Orien L. Tulp3 ,  Syed A. A. Rizvi4,5*
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1 The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
2 HCA Florida Northside Hospital–USF Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
3 Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies
4 College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
5 Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, Florida, United States of America
IMO, 4911 https://doi.org/10.36922/imo.4911
Submitted: 23 September 2024 | Accepted: 30 October 2024 | Published: 22 November 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with various comorbidities that aggravate the disease’s overall impact on health. The most prevalent comorbidities of diabetes include obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular conditions, and kidney diseases. Incretin mimetics, also known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, mimic incretin hormones to stimulate insulin release in response to food intake. These medications help lower blood glucose by increasing insulin production, reducing glucagon secretion, slowing stomach emptying, and promoting satiety. A key advantage of incretin mimetics is their ability to reduce blood glucose levels without causing hypoglycemia, making them a safer option for many patients. They also promote weight loss, which is particularly beneficial for patients with both obesity and diabetes. Incretin mimetics are typically administered once or twice daily and are often used in combination with other treatments such as metformin or insulin. Evidence suggests that these drugs may reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke, an important consideration given the heightened cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Additionally, incretin mimetics may help preserve pancreatic beta-cell function, potentially slowing the progression of diabetes. However, these drugs are costly and may be unaffordable for low-income individuals. Commonly reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which tend to decrease over time. While there have been reports of pancreatitis, current research indicates that incretin mimetics do not increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Educating patients on proper use and potential side effects is crucial to ensure safe and effective treatment with incretin mimetics.

Keywords
Diabetes
Obesity
Cardiovascular and kidney diseases
Incretin hormones
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Incretin mimetics
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Innovative Medicines & Omics, Electronic ISSN: 3060-8740 Print ISSN: 3060-8910, Published by AccScience Publishing
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