Health equity remains a global priority as persistent social, economic, demographic, and environmental inequalities continue to shape health outcomes across populations. This Special Issue aims to advance interdisciplinary scholarship examining how social determinants influence health and well-being across the life course. We welcome empirical studies, systematic reviews, theoretical papers, and policy analyses that explore health disparities, vulnerable populations, and evidence-informed interventions that promote equitable health outcomes. Particular attention will be given to research that informs social welfare policy, public health practice, and sustainable health systems at local, national, and global levels. By bringing together diverse disciplinary perspectives, this Special Issue seeks to contribute to evidence-based policies and practices that reduce health inequalities and foster inclusive, equitable, and resilient societies.