The Special Issue examines the evolving relationship between ethnic identity, statehood, and citizenship in the context of migration, political transformation, and social change. Bringing together interdisciplinary perspectives, this special issue explores how ethnic communities negotiate belonging, loyalty, and civic participation amid shifting political, legal, and cultural landscapes. Particular attention is given to Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where forced migration, state-building, and geopolitical developments have reshaped debates on national identity and social cohesion. The contributions analyze the interaction between ethnic diversity, governance, integration policies, and citizenship, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for inclusive societies. By advancing comparative and context-sensitive research, this special issue offers valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners concerned with ethnicity, migration, public governance, and the politics of belonging in an increasingly interconnected world.