AccScience Publishing / IJPS / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/ijps.0621
REVIEW

The landscape of physical sexual violence in Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Nigeria: A systematic review

Emmanuel O. Amoo1* Joy O. Nwosu1 Fred Nwogu1 Christian P. Washington1 Henry O. Chukwu1 Mercy E. Adebayo2 Amos A. Olore2 Tayo O. George2
Show Less
1 Demography and Social Statistics Programme, College of Management and Social Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
2 Department of Sociology, College of Management and Social Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
IJPS 2024, 10(3), 46–59; https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.0621
Submitted: 19 April 2023 | Accepted: 19 November 2023 | Published: 30 May 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the trending country-specific common forms and patterns of sexual violence in Sub-Saharan African countries considering the multi-component nature of the menace. We systematically reviewed the population-based studies, obtained from PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, that dealt with all-encompassing physical sexual violence in Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Nigeria. The quality and significance of the data obtained were assessed, and similar events were grouped and reported found to have inspired policy recommendations for non-sexual violence initiatives and respect for sexual and reproductive health rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. This systematic review revealed that sexual violence is captured as sexual harassment, sexual assault, sexual abuse, rape, coercive sex, incest, child sexual abuse, and intimate partner sexual violence. Botswana ranked first in worldwide rape statistics, while Nigeria and Kenya ranked 135th and 103rd, respectively. Ethiopia’s global rape ranking was not available at the completion of writing this paper, and further statistical proof(s) on these ranks were also not established in this review. The historic record for Botswana on forced sex reads 10.3% while forced marriage for Ethiopia shows 58%. Across the four countries selected, intimate partner violence ranges between 9.0% and 58.6%. While completed rapes, attempted rapes, and forced sexual initiation were mentioned in a few studies, the lifetime sexual violence ranges between 45.4% and 56%. In addition, the generic sexual violence was between 9.6% and 61.2%. In summation, sexual violence is prevailing at the locations of study, regardless of age, gender, or community. However, since the actual or suspected dominant perpetrators of sexual violence are overrepresented in the male populations, enlightenment campaigns should be implemented for boys and men so that they grow more conscious of other gender’s sexual rights in the conduct or pursuit of their sexual satisfaction and behavior. Effective community engagement (with parents, workers, academics, and students) should be prioritized by various governments and other stakeholders toward the achievement of improved sexual health, and well-being among the populace.

Keywords
Sexual violence
Rape
Intimate partner sexual violence
Sexual harassment
Sub-Saharan Africa
Systematic review
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References

Adabembe, K.O. (2022). Prevalence of rape in Ekiti State Nigeria: Expectations from the Church. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(9):10-19. https://doi.org/10.37745/gjahss.2013/vol10n91019

 

Adinew, Y.M., & Hagos, M.A. (2017). Sexual violence against female university students in Ethiopia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 17(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-017-0127-1

 

Agbaje, O.S., Arua, C.K., Umeifekwem, J.E., Umoke, P.C.I., Igbokwe, C.C., Iwuagwu, T.E., et al. (2021). Workplace gender-based violence and associated factors among university women in Enugu, South-East Nigeria: An institutional-based cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1):124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01273-w

 

Altinyelken, H.K., & Le Mat, M. (2018). Sexual violence, schooling and silence: Teacher narratives from a secondary school in Ethiopia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(4):648-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1332517

 

Amoo, E.O., Adekola, P.O., Adesina, E., Adekeye, O.A., Onayemi, O.O., & Gberevbie, M.A. (2022). Young single widow, dynamics of in-laws interference and coping mechanisms: Simplicity-parsimony approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16):10117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610117

 

Amoo, E.O., Igbinoba, A., Imhonopi, D., Banjo, O.O., Ajaero, C.K., Akinyemi, J.O., et al. (2018). Trends, determinants and health risks of adolescent fatherhood in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 28(4): 433-442. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i4.9

 

Amoo, E.O., Ola-David, O., Olurinola, I.O., & Fadayomi, T.O. (2016). Female youth in street trading: Implications for sexual harassment in HIV/AIDS risky environment. Journal of South African Business Research. BIMA Publishing, 2016(2016):1-12. https://doi.org/10.5171/2016.975495

 

Amoo, E.O., Omideyi, A.K., Fadayomi, T.O., Ajayi, M.P., Oni, G.A., & Idowu, A.E. (2017). Male reproductive health challenges: Appraisal of wives coping strategies. Reproductive Health, 14(1):90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0341-2

 

Amoo, E.O., Solanke, B.L., Amoo, A.I., Onipede, W., & Osadolor, U.E. (2020). Descriptive analysis of men’s sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa: Simplicity-parsimony approach. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 7(1):1796227. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1796227

 

Ansari, U., Cobham, B., Etim, E.M., Ahamad, H.M., Owan, N.O., Tijani, Y., et al. (2017). Insights into intimate partner violence in pregnancy: Findings from a cross-sectional study in two states in Nigeria. Violence against Women, 23(4):469-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216644072

 

Babbel, S. (2013). Trauma: Incest. New York: Sussex Publishers, LLC 2022. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/ somatic-psychology/201302/trauma-incest [Last accessed on 2022 Aug 10].

 

Barchi, F., Ntshebe, O., Apps, H., & Ramaphane, P. (2022). Contraceptive literacy among school‐going adolescents in Botswana. International Nursing Review, 69(1):86-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12713

 

Barchi, F., Winter, S.C., Dougherty, D., Ramaphane, P., & Solomon, P.L. (2021). The association of depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence against women in Northwestern Botswana. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9-10):4787-4805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518792986

 

Basile, K.C., Black, M.C., Breiding, M.J., Chen, J., Merrick, M.T., Smith, S.G., et al. (2011). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey: 2010 Summary Report. United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], U.S Department of Health ansd Human Services. Available from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11637 [Last accessed: March 21, 2024].

 

Basile, K.C., Clayton, H.B., Rostad, W.L., & Leemis, R.W. (2020). Sexual violence victimization of youth and health risk behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(4):570-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.020

 

Bevilacqua, K.G., Williams, A., Wood, S.N., Wamue-Ngare, G., Thiongo, M., Gichangi, P., et al. (2022). Sexual harassment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Nairobi, Kenya: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 12(10):e066777. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066777

 

Bittles, A.H. (2015). Incest, inbreeding, and their consequences. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences. United Kingdom: Pergamon Press, p.7254-7259. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03383-0

 

Bourke, J. (2020). A global history of sexual violence from the Nineteenth Century to the present. In: Edwards, L., Penn, N., & Winter, J. (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Violence: 1800 to the Present. The Cambridge World History of Violence IV. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p.147-167.

 

Buss, D.M. (2023). Sexual violence laws: Policy implications of psychological sex differences. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 44(3):278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.003

 

Cherop, K.D. (2020). Determining the bio-psychosocial outcomes of sexual assault among survivors seeking care at gender-based violence clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital. Thesis. Kenya: University of Nairobi. Available from: https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/153639 [Last accessed: April 15, 2024].

 

Chiazor, I., Ozoya, M., Udume, M., & Egharevba, M. (2016). Taming the rape scourge in Nigeria: Issues and actions. Gender and Behaviour, 14(3):7764-7785.

 

Chinawa, A., Ndu, A.C., Arinze-Onyia, S.U., Ogugua, I.J., Okwor, T.J., Kassy, W.C., et al. (2020). Prevalence of psychological workplace violence among employees of a public tertiary health facility in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 23(1):103-109. https://doi.org/doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_160_19

 

Cockcroft, A., Marokoane, N., Kgakole, L., Tswetla, N., & Andersson, N. (2018). Access of choice-disabled young women in Botswana to government structural support programmes: A cross-sectional study. AIDS Care, 30(Suppl 2):24-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1468009

 

Dagnaw, E.H., Bayabil, A.W., Yimer, T.S., & Nigussie, T.S. (2021). Working in labor and delivery unit increases the odds of work place violence in Amhara region referral hospitals: Cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 16(10):e0254962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254962

 

De Souza Costa, Y.R., Lavorato, S.N., & De Campos, J.J.C.M. (2020). Violence against women and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA): A review of the main drugs. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 74:102020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102020

 

De Veauuse, B.N.F., Annor, F.B., Swahn, M.H., & Self-Brown, S.R. (2022). Sexual violence experience among Nigerian girls and young women: What are the roles of early sexual debut, multiple sex partnerships, and traditional gender role beliefs? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5-6):NP2747-NP2767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520945676

 

Diraditsile, K., & Rankopo, M.J. (2018). Students’ views and experiences on child sexual abuse in Botswana: Implications for educational research and policy implementation. Mosenodi Journal, 21(2):66-79.

 

Dufera, F., Kebira, J.Y., Gobena, T., & Assefa, N. (2021). Lifetime prevalence of sexual violence and its associated factors among high school female students in Jarso District, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 2021:1821579. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1821579

 

Esayas, H.L., Gemeda, H., Melese, T., Birgoda, G.T., Terefe, B., Abebe, S., et al. (2023). Sexual violence and risk factors among night shift female college students in Hawassa city, South Ethiopia, 2020. BMC Women’s Health, 23(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02150-w

 

Fitaw, Y., Haddis, K., Million, F., Delil, M., Yohannes, M., & Bekele, N. (2005). Gender-besed violence among high school students in north west Ethiopia. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 43(4):215–221.

 

Flowe, H.D., Rockowitz, S., Rockey, J., Kanja, W., Kamau, C., Colloff, M., et al. (2020). Sexual and other Forms of Violence during the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency in Kenya: Patterns of Violence and Impacts on Women and Girls. Available from: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7wghn [Last accessed: March 20, 2024].

 

Galu, S.B., Gebru, H.B., Abebe, Y.T., Gebrekidan, K.G., Aregay, A.F., Hailu, K.G., et al. (2020). Factors associated with sexual violence among female administrative staff of Mekelle University, North Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 13:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4860-5

 

Gebrewahd, G.T., Gebremeskel, G.G., & Tadesse, D.B. (2020). Intimate partner violence against reproductive age women during COVID-19 pandemic in northern Ethiopia 2020: A community-based cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 17(1):152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01002-w

 

Gopalan, R.T. (2022). Intimate partner violence and victims. In: Gopalan, R.T. (eds.). Victimology: A Comprehensive Approach to Forensic, Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives. Cham: Springer, p.99-123. Available from: https://link. springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-12930-8_5 [Last accessed: April 15, 2024].

 

Gusti, A.K.K., & Agung, S.P.P. (2020). Incest in the dimension of sexual violence against children. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 21(5):232-239.

 

Hörnle, T. (2014). Consensual adult incest: A sex offense? New Criminal Law Review, 17(1):76-102. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2014.17.1.76

 

Ibrahim, Z., & Serakinci, N. (2020). Assessment of awareness on the risk of consanguineous marriages among University Students from four developing countries: A comparative study. Asian Journal of Research in Medicine and Medical Science, 2(1):6-12.

 

Idoko, C.A., Nwobodo, E., & Idoko, C.I. (2020). Trends in rape cases in a Nigerian state. African Health Sciences, 20(2):668-675. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.17

 

Ilori, O.R., Olugbenga-Bello, A.I., & Awodutire, P.O. (2023). Is intimate partner violence more common among HIV-positive pregnant women? A comparative study in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 22:23259582231151844. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259582231151844

 

International Committee of the Red Cross [ICRC]. (2023). Addressing Sexual Violence. Available from: https://www. icrc.org/en/what-we-do/sexual-violence [Last accessed: April 15, 2024].

 

International School Health Network [ISHN]. (2019). Multi- Component Approaches (MCAs) in Education, Health, Safety, Security, Social and Sustainable Development. School for All, International School Health Network (ISHN). Available from: https://www.schools-for-all.org/mult-component-approaches.html [Last accessed: March 21, 2024].

 

Izugbara, C.O., Obiyan, M.O., Degfie, T.T., & Bhatti, A. (2020). Correlates of intimate partner violence among urban women in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One, 15(3):e0230508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230508

 

Jackson, C.A., Henderson, M., Frank, J.W., & Haw, S.J. (2012). An overview of prevention of multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Public Health (Oxford), 34(Suppl 1):i31-i40. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr113

 

Jahanfar, S., Ahmadpour, P., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2022). Forced sex and its predictors among students attending university: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Public Health, 80(1):56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00823-4

 

Jejeebhoy, S.J., & Bott, S. (2003). Non-Consensual Sexual Experiences of Young People: A Review of the Evidence from Developing Countries. South and East Asia Regional Working Paper No. 16. New Delhi, India: Population Council. Available from: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1525&context=departments_ sbsr-rh [Last accessed: April 15, 2024].

 

Kaufman, M.R., Tsang, S.W., Sabri, B., Budhathoki, C., & Campbell, J. (2019). Health and academic consequences of sexual victimization experiences among students in a university setting. Psychology and Sexuality, 10(1):56-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1552184

 

Kosgei, D.C., Mageto, I.G., & Wagoro, M.C. (2021). Psychological outcomes of sexual assault among survivors seeking care at gender-based violence clinic of Kenyatta national hospital, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Medical and Clinical Practice, 6(4):10-25.

 

Lewis, T., McElroy, E., Harlaar, N., & Runyan, D. (2016). Does the impact of child sexual abuse differ from maltreated but non-sexually abused children? A prospective examination of the impact of child sexual abuse on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.016

 

Likupe, G., Chintsanya, J., Magadi, M., Munthali, A., & Makwemba, M. (2021). Barriers to sexual and reproductive education among in-school adolescents in Zomba and Mangochi districts, Malawi. Sex Education, 21(4):450-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1821181

 

Mathur, S., Okal, J., Musheke, M., Pilgrim, N., Kishor Patel, S., Bhattacharya, R., et al. (2018). High rates of sexual violence by both intimate and non-intimate partners experienced by adolescent girls and young women in Kenya and Zambia: Findings around violence and other negative health outcomes. PLoS One, 13(9):e0203929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203929

 

Mekonnen, B.D., Lakew, Z.H., & Melese, E.B. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of sexual violence experienced by housemaids in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 19(1):162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01470-2

 

Mercer, C.H., McManus, S., & Erens, B. (2016). Measuring sexual behaviour. In: Social Measurement through Social Surveys. United Kingdom: Routledge, p.127-146.

 

Mirzaei, M., Ahmadi, K., Saadat, S.H., & Ramezani, M.A. (2016). Instruments of high risk sexual behavior assessment: A systematic review. Materia Socio-Medica, 28(1):46-50. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2016.28.46-50

 

Mogapaesi, T. (2019). Sexual harassment in the workplace and women’s access to justice: Lessons for Botswana from a South African perspective. Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 45(3):431-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2020.1737552

 

Müller, A., Daskilewicz, K., Kabwe, M.L., Mmolai-Chalmers, A., Morroni, C., Muparamoto, N., et al. (2021). Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1):357. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10314-w

 

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, & Division of Violence Prevention. (2022). Fast Facts: Preventing Sexual Violence. United States: Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. Available from: https://www.cdc. gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/fastfact.html [Last accessed: March 19, 2024].

 

Nextier Development Foundation[Reliefweb]. (2023). Sexual Violence: Why the Rise? News and Press Release. Nigeria: Nextier SPD.

 

Njoku, E.T., & Akintayo, J. (2021). Sex for survival: Terrorism, poverty and sexual violence in North-Eastern Nigeria. South African Journal of International Affairs, 28(2):285-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2021.1927166

 

Odeyemi, K., Olufunlayo, T., Ogunnowo, B., & Onajole, A. (2016). Sexual violence among out-of-school female adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. SAGE Open, 6(4):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016669972

 

Protection Cluster, & United Nations Population Fund. (2022). GBV AOR Ethiopia: Situation of GBV in Ethiopia. United States: Protection Cluster and United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], p.4. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/ organization/protection-cluster [Last accessed on 2022 Oct 06].

 

Ramabu, N.M. (2020). The extent of child sexual abuse in Botswana: Hidden in plain sight. Heliyon, 6(4):e03815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03815

 

Rudolph, J.I., Walsh, K., Shanley, D.C., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2022), Child sexual abuse prevention: Parental discussion, protective practices and attitudes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(23-24):NP22375-NP22400. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211072258

 

Savino, J.O., & Turvey, B.E. (2004). Defining rape and sexual assault. In: Rape Investigation Handbook. Ch. 1. United States: Academic Press, p.1-22.

 

Smit, E.I. (2021). Prevalence, theoretical framework and South African legislative measures on child sexual abuse and incest. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 25(1):417-428. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v25i1.4679

 

Stevens, L.M., Reid, E., Kanja, W., Rockowitz, S., Davies, K., Dosanjh, S., et al. (2022). The Kenyan survivors of sexual violence network: Preserving memory evidence with a bespoke mobile application to increase access to vital services and justice. Societies, 12(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12010012

 

Tadiwos, S. (2001). In: Admassu, Y. (ed.). Excerpts from Reflections. Documentation of the forum on Gender. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Heinrich Boll Foundation, Regional Office Horn of Africa. PANOS Ethiopia. Available from: https:// www.scribd.com/doc/228737694/Rape-In-Ethiopia [Last accessed: April 15, 2024].

 

Tanimu, T.S., Yohanna, S., & Omeiza, S.Y. (2016). The pattern and correlates of intimate partner violence among women in Kano, Nigeria. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 8(1):e1-e6. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.1209

 

Tesfaw, L.M., Kassie, A.B., & Flatie, B.T. (2021). Sexual violence and other complications of corona virus in Amhara Metropolitan Cities, Ethiopia. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14:3563-3573. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S297148

 

Tora, A. (2013). Assessment of sexual violence against female students in Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(11):2351-2367.

 

Uche, O.F., & Azuonwu, G. (2022). The epidemiology of sexual violence in Nigeria. Epidemiology, 5(3):80-90. https://doi.org/10.52589/ajhnm tomtj3ym

 

United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]. (2022). Gender-Based Violence. Available from: https://www.unfpa.org/gender-based-violence#readmore-expand [Last accessed: March 28, 2024].

 

Utoo, B., Ilora, E., & Utoo, P. (2018). Sexual assault reported at a law enforcement health facility in Makurdi, North-central Nigeria. Journal of Pregnancy and Reproduction, 2(6):1-5. https://doi.org/10.15761/JPR.1000157

 

Wada, O.Z., Olawade, D.B., Amusa, A.O., Moses, J.O., & Eteng, G.J. (2022). Gender-based violence during COVID-19 lockdown: Case study of a community in Lagos, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 22(2):79-87. https://doi.org/doi: 10.4314/ahs.v22i2.10

 

Wambui, R.M. (2018). The Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Kenya. Prepared under the Supervision of Jerusha Asin Owino (Dissertation). Vol. 43. Kenya: Strathmore University. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/11071/6185

 

Weldesenbet, H., Yibeltie, J., & Hagos, T. (2022). Sexual harassment and associated factors among female nurses: The case of Addis Ababa public hospitals. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15:3053-3068. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S372422

 

Wellings, K., Collumbien, M., Slaymaker, E., Singh, S., Hodges, Z., Patel, D., et al. (2006). Sexual behaviour in context: A global perspective. Lancet, 368(9548):1706-1728. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69479-8

 

Wisevoter. (2023). Rape Statistics by Country. Available from: https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/rape-statistics-by-country [Last accessed: April 1, 2024]

 

Worke, M.D., Koricha, Z.B., & Debelew, G.T. (2020). Prevalence of sexual violence in Ethiopian workplaces: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 17(1):195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01050-2

 

Worke, M.D., Koricha, Z.B., & Debelew, G.T. (2022). Development and validation of contextual measures of sexual harassment perceptions, experiences, and coping for women employees in Ethiopian hospitality workplaces. Archives of Public Health, 80(1):59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00828-z

 

World Health Organisation [WHO]. (2012). Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women: Intimate Partner Violence. Switzerland: World Health Organisation, p.12. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/77434/who_rhr_12.37_eng.pdf [Last accessed: March 28, 2024].

 

World Health Organisation [WHO]. (2021). Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018: Global, Regional and National Prevalence Estimates for Intimate Partner. Violence Against Women and Global and Regional Prevalence estimates for Non-Partner Sexual Violence Against women. (Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research). Geneva: World Health Organisation, p.2. Available from: https:// www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022256 [Last accessed: March 28, 2024].

 

Yitbarek, K., Woldie, M., & Abraham, G. (2019a). Time for action: Intimate partner violence troubles one third of Ethiopian women. PLoS One, 14(5):e0216962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216962

 

Yitbarek, K., Woldie, M., & Abraham, G. (2019b). Time for action: Intimate partner violence troubles one third of Ethiopian women. PLoS One, 14(5):e0216962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216962

Share
Back to top
International Journal of Population Studies, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8606 Print ISSN: 2424-8150, Published by AccScience Publishing