Family size preferences among women in a union in Nigeria and associated factors
Nigeria’s population is currently estimated at 216million and the country will be the third most populous in the world in 2050. A major driver of the high population growth is persistent high fertility. This study examined women’s fertility preferences, which was measured with ideal family size (IFS) and the associated factors. Data were obtained from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis consisted of a weighted sample of 13, 673 women in union, aged 15–49 years whose first marriage took place within 10 years before the survey. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. The proportion of respondents whose IFS was 5+ was 65%. Slightly above one-quarter had IFS of four children, and 11% had IFS of 0 – 3. IFS of 5+ was significantly associated with women resident in the Northern and Southeast regions, rural residents, Muslims, women who had no education, women working in agriculture, sales/service jobs, those who participated in one or two out of four household decisions, justified wife beating, have 5+ siblings, experienced child death, and married before age 20. Efforts to achieve the target reduction in total fertility rate in Nigeria should be multi-sectoral targeting these subpopulations of women.
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Amusa L and Yahya W. (2019). Stepwise geoadditive modelling of the ideal family size in Nigeria. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics, 11(2):123-132. https://doi.org/10.5336/biostatic.2019-66016
Ariho P and Kabagenyi A. (2020). Age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences, contraception and change in fertility among women in Uganda: Analysis of the 2006-2016 period. BMC Womens Health, 20(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-0881-4
Bankole A and Audam S. (2011). Fertility preferences and contraceptive use among couples in sub-Saharan Africa. African Population Studies, 25(2):556-586. https://doi.org/10.11564/25-2-246
Bankole A. (1995). Desired fertility and fertility behaviour among the Yoruba of Nigeria: A study of couple preferences and subsequent fertility. Population Studies, 49(2):317-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148536
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Bongaarts J. (2001). Fertility and reproductive preferences in post-transitional societies. Population and Development Review, 27:260-281.
Bongaarts J. (2003). Completing the fertility transition in the developing world: The role of educational differences and fertility preferences. Population Studies, 57(3):321-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472032000137835
Bongaarts J. (2020). Trends in fertility and fertility preferences in sub-Saharan Africa: The roles of education and family planning programs. Genus, 76(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00098-z
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Gipson JD and Hindin MJ. (2009). The effect of husbands’ and wives’ fertility preferences on the likelihood of a subsequent pregnancy, Bangladesh 1998-2003. Population Studies, 63(2):135-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720902859372
Gyimah SO, Takyi, B, and Tenkorang EY. (2008). Denominational affiliation and fertility behaviour in an African context: An examination of couple data from Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(3):445-458. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932007002544
Hiekel N and Castro‐Martín T. (2014). Grasping the diversity of cohabitation: Fertility intentions among cohabiters across Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(3):489-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12112
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Laplante B, Castro-Martín T, Cortina C, et al. (2016). The contributions of childbearing within marriage and within consensual union to fertility in Latin America, 1980-2010. Demographic Research, 34:827-844. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.29
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Mencarini L and Tanturri ML. (2006). High fertility or childlessness: Micro-level determinants of reproductive behaviour in Italy. Population, 61(4):389-415. https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.604.0463
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Morosow K and Trappe H. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of fertility timing in Germany. Demographic Research, 38:1389- 1422. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.46
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Amusa L and Yahya W. (2019). Stepwise geoadditive modelling of the ideal family size in Nigeria. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics, 11(2):123-132. https://doi.org/10.5336/biostatic.2019-66016
Ariho P and Kabagenyi A. (2020). Age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences, contraception and change in fertility among women in Uganda: Analysis of the 2006-2016 period. BMC Womens Health, 20(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-0881-4
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Bongaarts J. (2001). Fertility and reproductive preferences in post-transitional societies. Population and Development Review, 27:260-281.
Bongaarts J. (2003). Completing the fertility transition in the developing world: The role of educational differences and fertility preferences. Population Studies, 57(3):321-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472032000137835
Bongaarts J. (2020). Trends in fertility and fertility preferences in sub-Saharan Africa: The roles of education and family planning programs. Genus, 76(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00098-z
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Booth AL and Kee HJ. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of fertility patterns. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(2):183-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00524.x
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Dodoo FN and Seal A. (1994). Explaining spousal differences in reproductive preferences: A gender inequality approach. Population and Environment, 15(5):379-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208319
Dodoo FN, Horne C, and Biney A. (2014). Does education mitigate the adverse impact of bridewealth on women’s reproductive autonomy? Genus, 70(1):77-97.
Ezeh AC. (1997). Polygyny and reproductive behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa: A contextual analysis. Demography, 34(3):355-368. https://doi.org/10.2307/3038289
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Gipson JD and Hindin MJ. (2009). The effect of husbands’ and wives’ fertility preferences on the likelihood of a subsequent pregnancy, Bangladesh 1998-2003. Population Studies, 63(2):135-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720902859372
Gyimah SO, Takyi, B, and Tenkorang EY. (2008). Denominational affiliation and fertility behaviour in an African context: An examination of couple data from Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(3):445-458. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932007002544
Hiekel N and Castro‐Martín T. (2014). Grasping the diversity of cohabitation: Fertility intentions among cohabiters across Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(3):489-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12112
Hilgeman C and Butts CT. (2009). Women’s employment and fertility: A welfare regime paradox. Social Science Research, 38(1):103- 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.08.005
Ibisomi L. (2011). Ascertaining the level of fertility preference implementation in Nigeria. African Population Studies, 25(2):471-486. https://doi.org/10.11564/25-2-242
ICF International. (2021). The DHS STATcompiler. The DHS Program Statcompiler. United States: ICF International. Available from: https://www.statcompiler.com [Last accessed on 2022 Mar 28].
International Labour Organization. (2018). Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Isiugo-Abanihe UC and Nwokocha EE. (2008). Prevalence and consequences of ewu-ukwu custom in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 6(1):53-70.
Isiugo-Abanihe UC. (1994). Reproductive motivation and family-size preferences among Nigerian men. Studies in Family Planning, 25(3):149-161. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137941
Izugbara CO and Ezeh AC. (2010). Women and high fertility in Islamic Northern Nigeria. Studies in Family Planning, 41(3):193-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00243.x
Izugbara CO. (2004). Patriarchal Ideology and Discourses of Sexuality in Nigeria. In: Understanding Human Sexuality Seminar Series, Department of Sociology and Anthropology. University of Uyo, Nigeria, pp. 1-35.
Kodzi IA, Johnson DR, and Casterline JB. (2010). Examining the predictive value of fertility preferences among Ghanaian women. Demographic Research, 22:965-984. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.30
Kumar A, Bordone V, and Muttarak R. (2016). Like mother (in-law) like daughter? Influence of the older generation’s fertility behaviours on women’s desired family size in Bihar, India. European Journal of Population, 32(5):629-660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-016-9379-z
Laplante B, Castro-Martín T, Cortina C, et al. (2016). The contributions of childbearing within marriage and within consensual union to fertility in Latin America, 1980-2010. Demographic Research, 34:827-844. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.29
Mberu BU and Reed HE. (2014). Understanding subgroup fertility differentials in Nigeria. Population Review, 53(2):23-46. https://doi. org/10.1353%2Fprv.2014.0006
Mencarini L and Tanturri ML. (2006). High fertility or childlessness: Micro-level determinants of reproductive behaviour in Italy. Population, 61(4):389-415. https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.604.0463
Mohanty SK, Fink G, Chauhan RK, et al. (2016). Distal determinants of fertility decline: Evidence from 640 Indian districts. Demographic Research, 34:373-406. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.13
Morosow K and Trappe H. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of fertility timing in Germany. Demographic Research, 38:1389- 1422. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.46
Muhoza DN, Broekhuis A, and Hooimeijer P. (2014). Variations in desired family size and excess fertility in East Africa. International Journal of Population Research, 2014(1):1-11. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1155/2014/486079
Murthi M. (2002). Fertility change in Asia and Africa. World Development, 30(10):1769-1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305- 750X(02)00062-1
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2020). 2019 Poverty and Inequality in Nigeria: Executive Summary. China: National Bureau of Statistics.
National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. (2019). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. United States: NPC and ICF.
National Population Commission of Nigeria and Health Policy Project. (2015). Nigeria’s 2004 National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development: Implementation Assessment Report. Mumbai: Futures Group, Health Policy Project.
NPC and ICF International. (2014). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. National Population Commission. United States: Nigeria and ICF International.
NPC and ICF Macro. (2009). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008. United States: National Population Commission, Nigeria and ICF Macro.
Ntoimo LF and Isiugo-Abanihe U. (2014). Patriarchy and singlehood among women in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Family Issues, 35(14):1980-2008. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X13511249
Nwokocha EE. (2007). Male-child syndrome and the agony of motherhood among the Igbo of Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 33(1):219-234.
Odusina EK, Ayotunde T, Kunnuji M, et al. (2020). Fertility preferences among couples in Nigeria: A cross sectional study. Reproductive Health, 17(1):92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00940-9
Olaseinde OS, Owagbemi OG, Aruna JO, et al. (2022). Fertility intentions among high-parity women in Nigeria: How satisfying are four living children? Journal of Population and Social Studies, 30:488-507. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv302022.028
Oyediran K and Isiugo-Abanihe U. (2002). Husband-wife communication and couples fertility desires among the Yoruba of Nigeria. African Population Studies/Etude de La Population Africaine, 17(2):61-80.
Oyediran KA. (2006). Fertility desires of yoruba couples of South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 38(5):605-624. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932004026835 s
Pallant J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. England: Routledge.
Pullu TW, Schoumaker B, Becker S, et al. (2013). An Assessment of DHS Estimates of Fertility and under-five Mortality. In: International Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Session 132: Data Quality in Demographic Surveys.
Rossi P and Rouanet L. (2015). Gender preferences in Africa: A comparative analysis of fertility choices. World Development, 72:326-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.010
Silalahi PC and Setyonaluri D. (2018). My mother, my role model: Mother’s influence on women’s fertility intention in Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 55(1):81-96. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.626563682534954
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