AccScience Publishing / ESAM / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.36922/ESAM025470032
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REVIEW ARTICLE

An interdisciplinary review of the development and applications of embedded three-dimensional printing technology

Shengyu Gao1 ,  Hanyu Yang1 ,  Zhengnan Sun1 ,  Liang Zhou1 ,  Aiwu Zhou1 ,  Xiaosheng Zhang1* ,  Yi Zhang1,2*
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1 Integrated Microsystems Laboratory, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
2 Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
ESAM 2026, 2(1), 025470032 https://doi.org/10.36922/ESAM025470032
Received: 19 November 2025 | Revised: 9 December 2025 | Accepted: 17 December 2025 | Published online: 5 January 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Embedded three-dimensional (3D) printing (EMB3D), also termed immersion 3D printing, overcomes the inherent limitations of extrusion-based methods by providing in situ support during deposition, thereby preventing structural collapse and enabling the fabrication of complex architectures from soft- or low-viscosity inks. This technology significantly enhances shape fidelity and expands the application of 3D printing in soft material systems. This review systematically examines the development, principles, classifications, and material properties of EMB3D, with a strong emphasis on its cross-disciplinary applications. While notable biomedical advances, such as tissue engineering, vascularized constructs, and patient-specific anatomical models, are thoroughly discussed, this review also highlights emerging uses in flexible electronics, soft robotics, and customized functional materials. By integrating the latest research and identifying underexplored avenues, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on the challenges and future trends of EMB3D, serving as a comprehensive and authoritative reference for researchers and engineers across multiple fields.

Keywords
Additive manufacturing
Embedded three-dimensional printing
Immersion three-dimensional printing
Soft materials
Low-viscosity inks
Soft robotics
Funding
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Yi Zhang; No.: 2025ZNSFSC0464), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Xiaosheng Zhang; No.: 2022YFB3206100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Yi Zhang; No.: 62271107), the Key R&D Program of Mianyang (Xiaosheng Zhang; No.: 2023ZYDF019), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Yi Zhang; No.: ZYGX2022YGRH007).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Engineering Science in Additive Manufacturing, Electronic ISSN: 3082-849X Published by AccScience Publishing
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