Primary liver cancer is a leading fatal malignancy. It is known to have a high degree of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneities, leading to frequent treatment resistance and disease recurrence. There is an increasing number of treatment options but their performance remains sub-optimal. The hepatocarcinogenesis process of liver cancer is complex and involves the endeavor of malignant and immune components. There is an accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations that pinpoint key signaling pathways or biological processes. With the emergence of different sequencing-based strategies, high-throughput screening platforms as well as computational algorithms, we are able to delineate the underlying molecular and cellular landscapes in primary liver cancer to a better extent. This special issue will focus on different niche areas that cover the individual aspects (basic, translational and clinical) of liver cancer research.

This special issue will include the following topics:

- transcriptomic landscape

- genomic landscape

- epigenetic landscape

- cellular landscape

- tumor heterogeneity

- single-cell and spatial analysis

- tumor microenvironment

- cancer stem cell

- animal models

- liquid biopsy

- biomarker discovery

- latest treatment (chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy)