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REVIEW ARTICLE

Targeting pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis: An updated view of regulated cell death pathways for cancer therapy

Jing Zhao1 ,  Xu Du1 ,  Wei Fang1 ,  Yingzhu Yan1 ,  Zinan Li1 ,  Hongxia Zhu1* ,  Binglin Yue2*
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1 Department of Endocrinology, Chengdu Shuangliu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
2 Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
EJMO, 026260298 https://doi.org/10.36922/EJMO026260298
Received: 22 June 2026 | Revised: 24 July 2026 | Accepted: 30 July 2026 | Published online: 6 August 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Introduction: Cancer treatment has long relied on inducing apoptosis; however, tumors frequently develop resistance through apoptosis-evasion mechanisms, leading to recurrence and metastasis. In recent years, three emerging forms of programmed cell death—pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis—have attracted intense interest. Thanks to their distinct molecular pathways and strong immunogenic properties, they offer promising ways to overcome the limitations of traditional therapies. These mechanisms, driven by inflammatory signaling or dysregulation of metal ions (iron or copper), trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, or membrane pore formation. Beyond directly killing tumor cells, they release damage-associated molecular patterns that activate immunogenic cell death. This process reshapes the tumor microenvironment and significantly enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Objective: This review systematically summarizes the molecular regulation, network interactions, and therapeutic advances of these three novel cell death pathways, providing new theoretical foundations and potential translational strategies for treating refractory cancers.

Conclusion: Pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis represent interconnected, non-apoptotic cell death pathways with substantial potential to overcome therapeutic resistance, remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and enhance responses to immune checkpoint blockade. Further mechanistic validation, biomarker development, improved tumor-specific delivery, and well-designed clinical trials are required to translate these strategies into safe, precise, and effective cancer therapies.

Keywords
Cell death
Cancer therapy
Pyroptosis
Ferroptosis
Cuproptosis
Funding
The work was supported by the Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine under the Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Special Project (2024MS414) and by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Southwest Minzu University (ZYN2025026).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, Electronic ISSN: 2587-196X Print ISSN: 2587-2400, Published by AccScience Publishing
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