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REVIEW ARTICLE

Exploring Anabaena-Azolla symbiosis: Multifunctional roles in sustainable agriculture, livestock productivity, and bioenergy

Ponnusamy Ramesh1 ,  Gangatharan Muralitharan1,2* ,  Chelliah Koventhan3,4* ,  An-Ya Lo3,4* ,  Bhooma Venkatesan1
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1 Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
2 Fresh Water and Marine Units, National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
3 Energy and Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
4 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
EER, 7975 https://doi.org/10.36922/eer.7975
Submitted: 18 December 2024 | Revised: 25 February 2025 | Accepted: 19 March 2025 | Published: 7 April 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic group of ancient, morphologically varied organisms that utilize oxygen for photosynthesis, contributing significantly to global carbon and nitrogen fixation while improving crop quality. With the rising population and increasing demand for food, advancing agricultural productivity is essential. Therefore, ongoing research is crucial for boosting crop development and increasing food output. According to previous studies, cyanobacteria are among the best sources for crop development and enhancement. In addition, the Azolla-Anabaena are environmentally significant organisms, as they can be used in bioremediation, the reclamation of infertile land, mosquito control, and the sustainable intensification of animal husbandry by serving as high-quality fodder. Furthermore, they play a role in bioenergy development, emphasizing bio-oil and biodiesel production. The applications of these cyanobacterial systems extend far beyond traditional agriculture, presenting opportunities for innovation in the bioenergy sector. This review provides in-depth information on the critical role of cyanobacteria in ecological restoration and socioeconomic improvement, offering valuable insights for advancing sustainable agricultural practices and renewable energy solutions. In addition, the review highlights broader applications of the Anabaena-azollae symbiosis in nitrogen fixation, plant growth, and animal feed, underscoring their multifaceted nature and vast potential for practical use.

Keywords
Azolla
Cyanobacteria
Plant growth
Socioeconomy
Bioenergy
Funding
We thank RUSA 2.0 – Biological Sciences, funded by MHRD, Government of India for the fellowship support, and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 111-2221-E-003-035-MY3; NSTC 111-2811-E-167- 001-MY3), Taiwan.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Explora: Environment and Resource, Electronic ISSN: 3060-9046 Published by AccScience Publishing
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