AccScience Publishing / AN / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/AN025410095
Submit to AN
Cite this article
16
Download
184
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
MINI-REVIEW

Psychedelics as neuroplasticity enhancers: Mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and translational challenges

Taslim Uddin1* ,  Suma Akter1 ,  Kanak Yadab Ghosh2
Show Less
1 Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Department of Casualty, Accident and Emergency, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Advanced Neurology, 025410095 https://doi.org/10.36922/AN025410095
Received: 11 October 2025 | Revised: 12 November 2025 | Accepted: 17 November 2025 | Published online: 4 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Neurology 3rd Anniversary Special Issue)
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
XML
Cite
Abstract

Psychedelics are gaining recognition for their effectiveness as modulators of neuroplasticity in the treatment of a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and ketamine are substances that mainly affect the serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. They induce rapid synaptogenesis, dendritic remodeling, and changes in functional connectivity within crucial brain networks. The therapeutic benefits observed in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders—particularly when integrated with psychotherapy—are attributed to these neuroplastic mechanisms. Despite promising findings, challenges remain regarding safety, long-term effects, and the translation of preclinical results into clinical practice. This review discusses the ethical and legal considerations, as well as translational challenges, that must be addressed before psychedelic-assisted therapies can be fully integrated into modern psychiatry. It also outlines the pharmacological basis of psychedelic action, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity, and the clinical potential of these treatments.

Keywords
Psychedelics
Neuroplasticity
Therapeutic applications
Translational challenges
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
  1. Wohleb ES. Neuron-microglia interactions in mental health disorders : “For better, and for worse”. Front Immunol. 2016;29:544. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00544

 

  1. Bazzari AH, Bazzari FH. BDNF therapeutic mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:8417. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158417

 

  1. Kelmendi B, Kaye AP, Pittenger C, Kwan AC. Psychedelics. Curr Biol. 2022;32(2):R63-R67. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.009

 

  1. Agnorelli C, Spriggs M, Godfrey K, et al. Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025;172:106132. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132

 

  1. De Vos CMH, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC. Psychedelics and neuroplasticity: A systematic review unraveling the biological underpinnings of psychedelics. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:724606. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606

 

  1. Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, et al. Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity. Cell Rep. 2018;23(11):3170-3182. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022

 

  1. Volkow ND, Gordon JA, Wargo EM. Psychedelics as therapeutics-potential and challenges. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(10):979-980. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1968

 

  1. Ledwos N, Rodas JD, Husain MI, Feusner JD, Castle DJ. Therapeutic uses of psychedelics for eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2023;37(1): 3-13. doi: 10.1177/02698811221140009

 

  1. Weiss F, Magnesa A, Gambini M, et al. Psychedelic-induced neural plasticity: A comprehensive review and a discussion of clinical implications. Brain Sci. 2025;15(2):117. doi: 10.3390/brainsci15020117

 

  1. Kohn B, Hofmann A. LSD: My Problem Child. Vol 39. United States: McGraw-Hill; 1981. doi: 10.2307/4638477

 

  1. Dyck E. Flashback: Psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(7):381-388. doi: 10.1177/070674370505000703

 

  1. Koning E, Chu EM, Brietzke E. The historical opposition to psychedelic research and implications for credibility in psychiatry. CNS Spectr. 2024;29(5):300-305. doi: 10.1017/S1092852924002141

 

  1. Bai Z, Wu Y, Gao D, Dong Y, Pan Y, Gu S. Gut microbiome and metabolome alterations in overweight or obese adult population after weight-loss Bifidobacterium breve BBr60 intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(20):10871. doi: 10.3390/ijms252010871

 

  1. Holoyda B. Psychedelic psychiatry: Preparing for novel treatments involving altered states of consciousness. Psychiatr Serv. 2020;71(12):1297-1299. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000213

 

  1. Kargbo RB. Microbiome: The next frontier in psychedelic renaissance. J Xenobiot. 2023;13:386-401. doi: 10.3390/jox13030025

 

  1. Langlitz N. Neuropsychedelia. 1st ed. California: University of California Press; 2013. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/ stable/10.1525/j.ctt24hsjc [Last accessed on 2025 Dec 3].

 

  1. Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, et al. The entropic brain: A theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:20. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020

 

  1. Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D, Williams T, et al. Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(6):2138-2143. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1119598109

 

  1. Bale TL. Epigenetic and transgenerational reprogramming of brain development. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16(6): 332-344. doi: 10.1038/nrn3818

 

  1. Ito Y, Nakamura S, Sugimoto N, et al. Turbulence activates platelet biogenesis to enable clinical scale ex vivo production. Cell. 2018;174(3):636-648.e18. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.011

 

  1. Appelbaum LG, Shenasa MA, Stolz L, Daskalakis Z. Synaptic plasticity and mental health: Methods, challenges and opportunities. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023;48(1): 113-120. doi: 10.1038/s41386-022-01370-w

 

  1. Shen Y, Cao X, Tan T, et al. 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces heroin cue craving in long-term addicts. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80(3):e13-e14. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.006

 

  1. Woodbridge J, Townsend M, Reis S, Singh S, Grenyer BFS. Non-response to psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2022;56(7):771-787. doi: 10.1177/00048674211046893

 

  1. Cuijpers P, Miguel C, Ciharova M, et al. Absolute and relative outcomes of psychotherapies for eight mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2024;23(2):267-275. doi: 10.1002/wps.21203

 

  1. Grieco SF, Castrén E, Knudsen GM, et al. Psychedelics and neural plasticity: Therapeutic implications. J Neurosci. 2022;42(45):8439-8449. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1121-22.2022

 

  1. Neziri S, Köseoğlu AE, Deniz Köseoğlu G, Özgültekin B, Özgentürk NÖ. Animal models in neuroscience with alternative approaches: Evolutionary, biomedical, and ethical perspectives. Anim Model Exp Med. 2024;7(6):868-880. doi: 10.1002/ame2.12487

 

  1. Wall MB, Harding R, Zafar R, Rabiner EA, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D. Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: Past, present, and future. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(9): 3573-3580. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02271-0

 

  1. Malcolm B, Thomas K. Serotonin toxicity of serotonergic psychedelics. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022;239(6): 1881-1891. doi: 10.1007/s00213-021-05876-x

 

  1. Dodd S, Norman TR, Eyre HA, et al. Psilocybin in neuropsychiatry: A review of its pharmacology, safety, and efficacy. CNS Spectr. 2023;28(4):416-426. doi: 10.1017/S1092852922000888

 

  1. Marona-Lewicka D, Thisted RA, Nichols DE. Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;180(3):427-435. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9

 

  1. Berlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the psychopharmacology of tobacco and ayahuasca. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:886408. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.886408

 

  1. Egger K, Aicher HD, Cumming P, Scheidegger M. Neurobiological research on N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its potentiation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition: From ayahuasca to synthetic combinations of DMT and MAO inhibitors. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024;81(1):395. doi: 10.1007/s00018-024-05353-6

 

  1. Bogenschutz MP, Johnson MW. Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;64:250-258. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002

 

  1. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX. Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: A pooled analysis of experimental studies. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(11):1434-1452. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466

 

  1. Schlag AK, Aday J, Salam I, Neill JC, Nutt DJ. Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. J Psychopharmacol. 2022;36(3):258-272. doi: 10.1177/02698811211069100

 

  1. Wsół A. Cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine: Current status and future directions. Pharmacol Rep. 2023;75(6):1362-1380. doi: 10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4

 

  1. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R. Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: Immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;218(4):649-665. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5

 

  1. Liechti ME. Modern clinical research on LSD. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(11):2114-2127. doi: 10.1038/npp.2017.86

 

  1. Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ. Serotonin and brain function: A tale of two receptors. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9): 1091-1120. doi: 10.1177/0269881117725915

 

  1. Swanson LR. Unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:172. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00172

 

  1. Nichols DE. Psychedelics. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68(2): 264-355. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011478

 

  1. Vollenweider FX, Preller KH. Psychedelic drugs: Neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21(11):611-624. doi: 10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2

 

  1. Waters K. Pharmacologic similarities and differences among hallucinogens. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(S2):S100-S113. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1917

 

  1. Schmidt A, Kometer M, Bachmann R, Seifritz E, Vollenweider F. The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013;225(1):227-239. doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0

 

  1. Yavi M, Lee H, Henter ID, Park LT, Zarate CA Jr. Ketamine treatment for depression: A review. Discov Ment Heal. 2022;2(1):9. doi: 10.1007/s44192-022-00012-3

 

  1. Van Elk M, Yaden DB. Pharmacological, neural, and psychological mechanisms underlying psychedelics: A critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;140:104793. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104793

 

  1. Zorumski CF, Izumi Y, Mennerick S. Ketamine: NMDA receptors and beyond. J Neurosci. 2016;36(44):11158-11164. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1547-16.2016

 

  1. Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: Pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:190. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00190

 

  1. Hysek CM, Schmid Y, Simmler LD, et al. MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(11):1645-1652. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst161

 

  1. Cohen K, Weinstein AM. Synthetic and non-synthetic cannabinoid drugs and their adverse effects-a review from public health prospective. Front Public Health. 2018;6:162. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00162

 

  1. Bartolo R, Averbeck BB. Inference as a fundamental process in behavior. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2021;38:8-13. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.06.005

 

  1. Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, et al. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science. 2010;329(5994):959-964. doi: 10.1126/science.1190287

 

  1. Morales-Garcia JA, Calleja-Conde J, Lopez-Moreno JA, et al. N,N-dimethyltryptamine compound found in the hallucinogenic tea ayahuasca, regulates adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):331. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01011-0

 

  1. Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic dysfunction in depression: Potential therapeutic targets. Science. 2012;338(6103):68-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1222939

 

  1. Peixoto L, Abel T. The role of histone acetylation in memory formation and cognitive impairments. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(1):62-76. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.86

 

  1. Duman RS, Sanacora G, Krystal JH. Altered connectivity in depression: GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter deficits and reversal by novel treatments. Neuron. 2019;102(1): 75-90. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013

 

  1. Calder AE, Hasler G. Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023; 48(1):104-112. doi: 10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z

 

  1. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(5):481-489. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285

 

  1. Serafini G. Neuroplasticity and major depression, the role of modern antidepressant drugs. World J Psychiatry. 2012;2(3):49-57. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v2.i3.49

 

  1. Mitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2023;21(3):315-328. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.23021011

 

  1. Galvão-Coelho NL, Marx W, Gonzalez M, et al. Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021;238(2):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1

 

  1. Zhang HH, Meng SQ, Guo XY, et al. Traumatic stress produces delayed alterations of synaptic plasticity in basolateral amygdala. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2394. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02394

 

  1. Krystal JH, Davis LL, Neylan TC, et al. It is time to address the crisis in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: A consensus statement of the PTSD psychopharmacology working group. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82(7):e51-e59. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.007

 

  1. Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Psychedelics in psychiatry: Neuroplastic, immunomodulatory, and neurotransmitter mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev. 2021;73(1):202-277. doi: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056

 

  1. Van Der Meer PB, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, et al. Therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction: A systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1134454. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454

 

  1. Calleja-Conde J, Morales-García JA, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Giné E, López-Moreno JA. Classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders: A systematic review of human and animal studies. Addict Biol. 2022;27:e13229. doi: 10.1111/adb.13229

 

  1. Hornick MG, Stefanski A. Hallucinogenic potential: A review of psychoplastogens for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1221719. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1221719

 

  1. Pagni BA, Petridis PD, Podrebarac SK, Grinband J, Claus ED, Bogenschutz MP. Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: An fMRI pilot study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):3159. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8

 

  1. Sloshower J, Skosnik PD, Safi-Aghdam H, et al. Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: An exploratory placebo-controlled, fixed-order trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2023;37(7):698-706. doi: 10.1177/02698811231154852

 

  1. Gorman I, Nielson EM, Molinar A, Cassidy K, Sabbagh J. Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A Transtheoretical model for clinical practice. Front Psychol. 2021;12:645246. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246

 

  1. Van Der Kolk BA. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Finland: Viking; 2014.

 

  1. Messina MP, Battagliese G, D’Angelo A, et al. Correction: Messina et al. knowledge and practice towards alcohol consumption in a sample of university students. Int. j. environ. res. public health 2021, 18, 9528. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8833. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19148833

 

  1. Amick HR, Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of second generation antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapies in initial treatment of major depressive disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;351:h6019. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6019

 

  1. Hofmann SG, Curtiss J, Carpenter JK, Kind S. Effect of treatments for depression on quality of life: A meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2017;46(4):265-286. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2017.1304445

 

  1. Kuyken W, Dalgleish T, Holden ER. Advances in cognitive-behavioural therapy for unipolar depression. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(1):5-13. doi: 10.1177/070674370705200103

 

  1. Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Fawcett J, et al. Effect of cognitive therapy with antidepressant medications vs antidepressants alone on the rate of recovery in major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(10):1157-1164. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1054

 

  1. Albert U, Marazziti D, Salvo G Di, Solia F, Rosso G, Maina G. A systematic review of evidence-based treatment strategies for obsessive- compulsive disorder resistant to first-line pharmacotherapy. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(41):5647-5661. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666171222163645

 

  1. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1165-1180. doi: 10.1177/0269881116675512

 

  1. De Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, et al. Hallucinogens in mental health: Preclinical and clinical studies on LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine. J Neurosci. 2021;41(5):891-900. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1659-20.2020

 

  1. Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG. Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2021;42(11):929-942. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003

 

  1. Vargas M V, Dunlap LE, Dong C, et al. Psychedelics promote neuroplasticity through the activation of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors. Science. 2023;379(6633):700-706. doi: 10.1126/science.adf0435

 

  1. Vollenweider FX, Kometer M. The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: Implications for the treatment of mood disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(9):642-651. doi: 10.1038/nrn2884

 

  1. Kobayashi K, Ikeda Y, Haneda E, Suzuki H. Chronic fluoxetine bidirectionally modulates potentiating effects of serotonin on the hippocampal mossy fiber synaptic transmission. J Neurosci. 2008;28(24):6272-6280. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1656-08.2008

 

  1. Hersey M, Samaranayake S, Berger SN, et al. Inflammation-induced histamine impairs the capacity of escitalopram to increase hippocampal extracellular serotonin. J Neurosci. 2021;41(30):6564-6577. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2618-20.2021

 

  1. Bennett MR. Synapse regression in depression: The role of 5-HT receptors in modulating NMDA receptor function and synaptic plasticity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(4): 301-308. doi: 10.3109/00048670903555146

 

  1. Cameron LP, Benetatos J, Lewis V, et al. Beyond the 5-HT2A receptor: Classic and nonclassic targets in psychedelic drug action. J Neurosci. 2023;43(45):7472-7482. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1384-23.2023

 

  1. Wallach J, Cao AB, Calkins MM, et al. Identification of 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling Pathways Responsible for Psychedelic Potential. bioRxiv [Preprint]; 2023. doi: 10.1101/2023.07.29.551106

 

  1. Olson DE. Biochemical mechanisms underlying psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity. Biochemistry. 2022;61(3):127-136. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00812

 

  1. Bakhtiari H, Scholar G. Harnessing Neuroplasticity: Evidence- Based Approaches to Behavioral Modification in Contemporary Society Harnessing Neuroplasticity: Evidence-Based Approaches to Behavioral Modification in Contemporary Society. [Preprint]; 2025. doi: 10.20944/preprints202505.0235.v1

 

  1. Liebnau J, Betzler F, Kerber A. Catalyst for change: Psilocybin’s antidepressant mechanisms-a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2025;39(5):397-415. doi: 10.1177/02698811241312866

 

  1. Juliani A, Chelu V, Graesser L, Safron A. A Dual-Receptor Model of Serotonergic Psychedelics. bioRxiv [Preprint]; 2024. doi: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589282

 

  1. McGuire AL, Lynch HF, Grossman LA, Cohen IG. Pressing regulatory challenges for psychedelic medicine. Science. 2023;380(6643):347-350. doi: 10.1126/science.adg1324

 

  1. Van Elk M, Fried EI. History repeating: Guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2023;14:1-20. doi: 10.1177/20451253231198466

 

  1. Simonsson O, Goldberg SB, Osika W, et al. Longitudinal associations of naturalistic psychedelic use with psychotic and manic symptoms. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e99. doi: 10.1017/S0033291725000716

 

  1. Halim HJ, Burk BG, Fargason RE, Birur B. Manic episode following psilocybin use in a man with bipolar II disorder: A case report. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1221131. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221131

 

  1. Carbonaro TM, Bradstreet MP, Barrett FS, et al. Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1268-1278. doi: 10.1177/0269881116662634

 

  1. De Houwer J, Hughes S, Barnes-Holmes D. Psychological engineering: A functional-cognitive perspective on applied psychology. J Appl Res Mem Cogn. 2017;6(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.09.001

 

  1. Reed F, Foldi CJ. Do the therapeutic effects of psilocybin involve actions in the gut? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2024;45(2):107-117. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.007

 

  1. Suleria A, Verma S, Arya K, et al. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the heart: Exploring the potential impacts of LSD on cardiovascular function. 2025;17(7):e87356. doi: 10.7759/cureus.87356

 

  1. Dupuis D. The socialization of hallucinations: Cultural priors, social interactions, and contextual factors in the use of psychedelics. Transcult Psychiatry. 2022;59(5):625-637. doi: 10.1177/13634615211036388

 

  1. Bremler R, Katati N, Shergill P, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL. Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15998. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41145-x

 

  1. Harris-Blum L, Smith Z, Ortiz RJ, et al. Developmental changes in brain structure and function following exposure to oral LSD during adolescence. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):18632. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69597-9

 

  1. Wang J, Hao Y, Ma D, et al. Neurotoxicity mechanisms and clinical implications of six common recreational drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2025;17:1526270. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1526270

 

  1. Marks M, Brendel RW, Shachar C, Cohen IG. Essentials of informed consent to psychedelic medicine. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(6):611-617. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0184

 

  1. Barber GS, Dike CC. Ethical and practical considerations for the use of psychedelics in psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv. 2023;74:838-846. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220525

 

  1. Van Dalfsen JH, Markus CR. The involvement of sleep in the relationship between the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2019;256:205-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.047

 

  1. Marseille E, Bertozzi S, Kahn JG. The economics of psychedelic-assisted therapies: A research agenda. Front Psychiatry. 2017;13:1025726. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1025726

 

  1. Caporuscio C, Poppe C, Gieselmann A, Repantis D. Ethical issues with psychedelic-assisted treatments in psychiatry: A systematic scoping review. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e284. doi: 10.1017/S0033291725101761

 

  1. Jones JL. Harnessing neuroplasticity with psychoplastogens: The essential role of psychotherapy in psychedelic treatment optimization. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1565852. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1565852

 

  1. Lyons T, Spriggs M, Kerkelä L, et al. Human Brain Changes after First Psilocybin Use. bioRxiv [Preprint]; 2024. doi: 10.1101/2024.10.11.617955

 

  1. Szigeti B, Weiss B, Rosas FE, Erritzoe D, Nutt D, Carhart- Harris R. Assessing expectancy and suggestibility in a trial of escitalopram v. Psilocybin for depression. Psychol Med. 2024;54(8):1717-1724. doi: 10.1017/S0033291723003653

 

  1. Hovmand OR, Poulsen ED, Arnfred S, Storebø OJ. Risk of bias in randomized clinical trials on psychedelic medicine: A systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2023;37(7): 649-659. doi: 10.1177/02698811231180276

 

  1. Müller F, Sauer T, Hänny C, Mühlhauser M, Lang UE. Suicide of a patient shortly after psilocybin-assisted psychedelic therapy: A case report. Psychiatry Res. 2025;345:116381. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116381

 

  1. Lutkajtis A, Evans J. Psychedelic integration challenges: Participant experiences after a psilocybin truffle retreat in the Netherlands. J Psychedelic Stud. 2023;6(3):211-221. doi: 10.1556/2054.2022.00232

 

  1. Villiger D. How to make psychedelic-assisted therapy safer. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2024:1-15. doi: 10.1017/S0963180124000604

 

  1. Peterson A, Largent EA, Lynch HF, Karlawish J, Sisti D. Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of psychedelic medicine and research for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. AJOB Neurosci. 2023;14(2):107-123. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771

 

  1. Siegel JS, Daily JE, Perry DA, Nicol GE. Psychedelic drug legislative reform and legalization in the US. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(1):77-83. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101

 

  1. Hogea L, Dana C, Costea I, et al. The therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders: A review of clinical trials. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61:278. doi: 10.3390/medicina61020278.

 

  1. Stecher C, Cloonan S, Domino ME. The economics of treatment for depression. Annu Rev Public Health. 2024;45:527-551. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-061022-040533

 

  1. Andrews CM, Hall W, Humphreys K, Marsden J. Crafting effective regulatory policies for psychedelics: What can be learned from the case of cannabis ? Addiction. 2025;120: 201-206. doi: 10.1111/add.16575

 

  1. Yen C, Lin CL, Chiang MC. Exploring the frontiers of neuroimaging: A review of recent advances in understanding brain functioning and disorders. Life (Basel). 2023;13(7):1472. doi: 10.3390/life13071472
Next article in this issue
Share
Back to top
Advanced Neurology, Electronic ISSN: 2810-9619 Print ISSN: 3060-8589, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept