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REVIEW ARTICLE

SARS-CoV-2 persistence: A potential catalyst for age-associated neurodegenerative diseases

Ankita Sarkar1 ,  Sourish Ghosh1*
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1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunologyn Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Advanced Neurology 2024, 3(4), 4267 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.4267
Submitted: 17 July 2024 | Accepted: 20 September 2024 | Published: 30 October 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The persistence of RNA viruses in the brain is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in the progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This phenomenon is particularly evident in infections caused by various neurotropic and non-neurotropic viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need to explore the complex relationship between viral persistence and neurological decline. Growing evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 affects brain structure and function, although the precise molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Chronic neuroinflammation induced by viral infections is thought to accelerate age-related neurodegeneration. While the immune system typically clears many viral infections in the brain, some viruses establish chronic infections, leading to restricted viral replication. These persistent infections can exacerbate neuroinflammation and contribute to ongoing neuronal damage, key drivers of age-related neurodegeneration. This review explores current knowledge on how SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates the brain, evades immune defenses, and persists within brain cells, potentially using them as viral reservoirs. As individuals age, the cumulative effects of such viral infections may accelerate cognitive decline and increase vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral persistence and its long-term impact on brain health is crucial for developing targeted therapies to combat these age-related diseases.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Post-acute consequences of COVID-19
Neuro-COVID
Neurodegenerative disease
Viral persistence
Neuroinflammation
Funding
This work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) (DBT-RA/2023-24/Call-I/RA/07 and BT/PR51484/MED/122/359/2024), India, and Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Advanced Neurology, Electronic ISSN: 2810-9619 Print ISSN: 3060-8589, Published by AccScience Publishing
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