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REVIEW ARTICLE

Marine ranching for carbon-neutral fisheries in China: Carbon sink evidence, policy instruments, and transition pathways

Xiang Liu1 ,  Zhiyong Zhou1* ,  Jianwei Huang1 ,  Hailun Xu1
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1 School of Design and Art, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai , China
AJWEP, 026310209 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP026310209
Received: 18 July 2026 | Revised: 21 September 2026 | Accepted: 9 October 2026 | Published online: 29 October 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Marine-ranching carbon sink (MRCS) is defined as an additional, verifiable net climate benefit attributable to a bounded ranching intervention after considering baseline conditions, carbon fate, life-cycle emissions, and uncertainty. Marine ranching is increasingly discussed in China as a means to align fisheries with the national carbon-neutrality agenda. However, terms such as additional biomass, harvested carbon, long-lived storage, avoided emissions, and offset credits refer to different outcomes. This review examines when a marine ranch can deliver a defensible net climate benefit. It combines research on fishery emissions and sequestration, Chinese policy and technical standards, empirical pilot practices, and international work on blue-carbon accounting. The evidence is analyzed through 4 key dimensions: carbon pool alterations, ultimate carbon destination, emissions within the project boundary, and the additionality and verifiability of the claimed change. Chinese estimates demonstrate substantial biological uptake by shellfish and macroalgae, but they vary widely with species coverage, carbon coefficients, treatment of dissolved and particulate carbon, ecological carrying capacity, and deduction of production emissions. Although policy has advanced from demonstration zones to measurement standards and voluntary-market rules, no generally accepted method yet covers an entire ranching system. Therefore, this review interprets marine ranching as a managed area in which restoration, low-input mariculture, operational decarbonization, and monitoring can be combined and tested against a baseline. Credible MRCS claims require carbon-fate evidence, life-cycle inventories, long-term observation, conservative uncertainty treatment, and transparent allocation of benefits.

Keywords
Carbon neutrality
Marine ranching
Low-carbon fisheries
Carbon accounting
Marine carbon sequestration
Blue carbon
Policy instruments
Funding
This work was supported by the Shanghai Oriental Talent Program (Young Talent Project) under Grant No. QNJY2025195.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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