AccScience Publishing / AJWEP / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/AJWEP026290193
Submit to AJWEP
Cite this article
4
Download
42
Views
Related Info Links
Google Scholar
More by Authors Links
Asaigeethan Palanisamy
Priya Arunkumar
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Numerical investigation of nonlinear heat and mass transfer in Carreau hybrid nanofluid flow over an expanding cylinder with homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions

Karthik Velusamy1 ,  Asaigeethan Palanisamy2* ,  Shageen Fathima Shahul1 ,  Priya Arunkumar3*
Show Less
1 Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu , India
2 Department of Mathematics, Government College of Engineering, Erode, Tamil Nadu , India
3 Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu , India
AJWEP, 026290193 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP026290193
Received: 13 July 2026 | Revised: 11 August 2026 | Accepted: 12 August 2026 | Published online: 4 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
XML
Cite
Abstract

Recent advancements in nanofluids have significantly enhanced heat and mass transfer performance in complex engineering systems. In particular, hybrid nanofluids combined with non-Newtonian models have emerged as effective solutions for improving thermal efficiency under diverse physical conditions. The current study presents a combined investigation of Carreau hybrid nanofluid flow over an expanding cylinder with viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, and simultaneous homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions, providing a unified framework for analyzing coupled heat and mass transfer characteristics. Olive oil is employed as a biocompatible base fluid due to its high bioavailability and stability, while yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles are introduced to enhance thermophysical properties. The Carreau model is used to capture the shear-thinning behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and solved numerically using MATLAB’s boundary value problem solver (bvp5c). The influence of key parameters, including the Weissenberg number, curvature parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis, on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles was thoroughly analyzed. Results reveal that hybrid nanofluids significantly outperformed conventional nanofluids in heat and mass transfer efficiency, particularly under high curvature and viscoelastic conditions. The enhanced thermal performance and controllable diffusion characteristics of the hybrid nanofluid make it a promising candidate for applications in biomedical drug delivery systems and advanced thermal management technologies.

Keywords
Carreau hybrid nanofluid
Expanding cylinder
Heat transfer
Viscous dissipation
Homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions
Brownian motion
Thermophoresis
MATLAB bvp5c
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
  1. Srinivasa Babu KS, Parandhama A, Bhuvana Vijaya R. Nonlinear MHD convective flow of Carreau nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface with activation energy and viscous dissipation. Nature. 2021;3(3). doi: 10.1007/s42452-021-04339-4
  2. Sarkar J, Ghosh P, Adil A. A review on hybrid nanofluids: Recent research, development and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;43:164-177. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.023
  3. Suresh S, Venkitaraj KP, Selvakumar P, Chandrasekar M. Effect of Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in heat transfer. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 2012;38:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.11.007
  4. Sidik NAC, Jamil MM, Japar WMAA, Adamu IM. A review on preparation methods, stability and applications of hybrid nanofluids. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;80:1112-1122. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.221
  5. Madhesh D, Kalaiselvam S. Experimental analysis of hybrid nanofluid as a coolant. Procedia Eng. 2014;97:1667-1675. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.317
  6. Waqas M, Khan MI, Hayat T, Alsaedi A. Numerical simulation for magneto Carreau nanofluid model with thermal radiation: A revised model. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng. 2017;324:640-653. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.06.012
  7. Eid MR, Mahny KL, Muhammad T, Sheikholeslami M. Numerical treatment for Carreau nanofluid flow over a porous nonlinear stretching surface. Results Phys. 2018;8:1185-1193. doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.01.070
  8. Khan MI, Kumar A, Hayat T, Waqas M, Singh R. Entropy generation in flow of Carreau nanofluid. J Mol Liq. 2019;278:677-687. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.109
  9. Sardar H, Ahmad L, Khan M, Alshomrani AS. Investigation of mixed convection flow of Carreau nanofluid over a wedge in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2019;137:809-822. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.03.132
  10. Sulochana C, Ashwinkumar GP, Sandeep N. Transpiration effect on stagnation-point flow of a Carreau nanofluid in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Alexandria Eng J. 2016;55(2):1151-1157. doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2016.03.031
  11. Khan SU, Shehzad SA. Electrical MHD Carreau nanofluid over porous oscillatory stretching surface with variable thermal conductivity: Applications of thermal extrusion system. Phys A: Stat Mech Appl. 2020;550:124132. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2020.124132
  12. Alrehili M. Improvement for engineering applications through a dissipative Carreau nanofluid fluid flow due to a nonlinearly stretching sheet with thermal radiation. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2023;42:102768. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2023.102768
  13. Shahid A, Bhatti MM, Ellahi R, Mekheimer KhS. Numerical experiment to examine activation energy and bi-convection Carreau nanofluid flow on an upper paraboloid porous surface: Application in solar energy. Sustain Energy Technol Assess. 2022;52:102029. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102029
  14. Irfan M, Rafiq K, Khan WA. Numerical analysis of unsteady Carreau nanofluid flow with variable conductivity. Appl Nanosci. 2020;10(8):3075-3084. doi: 10.1007/s13204-020-01331-z
  15. Ibrahim MG. Adaptive simulations to pressure distribution for creeping motion of Carreau nanofluid with variable fluid density effects: Physiological applications. Therm Sci Eng Prog. 2022;32:101337. doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101337
  16. Gireesha BJ, Kumar PBS, Mahanthesh B, Shehzad SA, Rauf A. Nonlinear 3D flow of Casson-Carreau fluids with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions: A comparative study. Results Phys. 2017;7:2762-2770. doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2017.07.060
  17. Khan I, Ullah S, Malik MY, Hussain A. Numerical analysis of MHD Carreau fluid flow over a stretching cylinder with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Results Phys. 2018;9:1141-1147. doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.04.022
  18. Ashraf BM, Haq SU. The convective flow of Carreau fluid over a curved stretching surface with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions and viscous dissipation. Waves Random Complex Media. 2022;35(1):1483-1497. doi: 10.1080/17455030.2022.2032867
  19. Bibi A, Xu H. Peristaltic channel flow and heat transfer of Carreau magneto hybrid nanofluid in the presence of homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):11499. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68409-0
  20. Khan M, Ejaz S, Sardar H. Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in Carreau fluid flow with heat generation/absorption: Multiple solution. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng. 2019;41(11):490. doi: 10.1007/s40430-019-1958-6
  21. Hussain SM, Goud BS, Madheshwaran P, et al. Effectiveness of nonuniform heat generation (sink) and thermal characterization of a Carreau fluid flowing across a nonlinear elongating cylinder: A numerical study. ACS Omega. 2022;7(29):25309-25320. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02207
  22. Azam M, Khan M, Alshomrani AS. Unsteady radiative stagnation point flow of MHD Carreau nanofluid over expanding/contracting cylinder. Int J Mech Sci. 2017;130:64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.010
  23. Siddiqa S, Molla M, Naqvi S. Carreau ferrofluid flow with inclined magnetic field in an enclosure having heated cylinder. Phys Scr. 2021;96(10):105007. doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/ac0fd3
  24. Lim YJ, Shafie S, Ullah I, Jamshed W, Eid MR, El Din SM. Effectiveness of non-uniform heat generation (sinking) and thermal characterization of Carreau fluid flowing across nonlinear elongating cylinder: Convergence analysis aspect. J Appl Math Mech. doi: 10.1002/zamm.202200049
  25. Rashad A, Nafe MA, Eisa D. 2D radiative Casson-Carreau hybrid nanofluid flow through a circular cylinder in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. New Valley Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2023;1(1)1-19. doi: 10.21608/nujbas.2023.218751.1012
  26. Benaissa M, Ullah Z, Merga FE, et al. Variable density and chemical reaction effects on heat and mass transfer of magnetic second-grade nanofluid flow under slip conditions. Discover Nano. 2026;21:292. doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04746-9
  27. Salih AAM, Ullah Z, Alamirew WD, et al. AI-driven oscillatory heat transfer efficiency in MnZnFe₂O₄-water nanofluid flow over solar collector plate with radiative source and exothermic reaction effects. Discover Nano. 2026;21:291. doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04758-5
  28. Khedher NB, Ullah Z, Alamirew WD, et al. Graphene oxide nanoparticles oscillation in drilling fluid for heat transfer with entropy generation over radiative cylinder in fluctuating and laminar regimes. Discover Nano. 2026;21:165. doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04574-x
  29. Ullah Z, Alam MM, Safdar F, Alosaimi M, Merga FE. Soret/Dufour, variable density, and viscous dissipation effects on heat and mass transfer of Oldroyd-B fluid flow over polymer sheet with convective heat flux. AIP Adv. 2025;15(5):055203. doi: 10.1063/5.0257601
  30. Krishnakanth D, Lakshminarayana P. Influence of thermal diffusion and molecular motion on heat transfer and fluid flow of Carreau ternary hybrid nanofluid. Mod Phys Lett B. 2026;40(7):2650028. doi: 10.1142/S0217984926500284
  31. Alarabi TH, Rashad AM, Mahdy A. Homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions of radiation hybrid nanofluid flow on a cylinder with Joule heating: Nanoparticles shape impact. Coatings. 2021;11(12):1490. doi: 10.3390/coatings11121490
  32. Adeyemo AS, Sibanda P, Goqo SP. Analysis of heat and mass transfer of a nonlinear convective heat generating fluid flow in a porous medium with variable viscosity. Sci Afr. 2024;24:e02140. doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02140
  33. Ganji DD, Mahboobtosi M, Chari FN. Investigation of time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of compressed penta-hybrid nanofluids: Biomedical applications. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2025;18(4):101915. doi: 10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101915
  34. Jamshed W, Nisar KS, Ibrahim RW, Mukhtar T, Vijayakumar V, Ahmad F. Computational framework of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux effects on engine oil-based Williamson hybrid nanofluids: A thermal case study. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2021;26:101179. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101179
  35. Turgut T, Tavman IH, Tavman S. Measurement of thermal conductivity of edible oils using transient hot wire method. Int J Food Prop. 2009;12(4):741-747. doi: 10.1080/10942910802023242
Next article in this issue
Share
Back to top
Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept