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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Agri-business transformation in Asia: The strategic role of water use, agricultural emissions, irrigation infrastructure, and digital technologies in advancing sustainable resource efficiency

Musrat Nazir1† ,  Syed Afzal Moshadi Shah2†* ,  Aysha Parveen1 ,  Muhammad Owais Qarni3 ,  Noureen Fatima2 ,  Abdullah Hamoud Ali Seraj2 ,  Jehad Abdallah Atieh Afaneh2 ,  Khalid Zaman4*
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1 Department of Economics, Faculty of Management, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
2 Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Finance and Investment, NUST Business School, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
4 Department of Economics, Faculty of Social & Administrative Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
AJWEP, 026140099 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP026140099
Received: 3 April 2026 | Revised: 18 May 2026 | Accepted: 22 May 2026 | Published online: 19 June 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Technology, automation, and a growing focus on sustainability are rapidly transforming agribusiness worldwide. Asia’s agricultural sectors are facing significant challenges due to rising population, food insecurity, and environmental issues, highlighting the urgency of these developments. This study analyzes how technological innovation, agricultural sustainability, water efficiency, and sustainable resource management influenced the selected Asian countries, where food poverty, environmental degradation, and rapid population growth are on the rise. The study used a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test to examine the long- and short-term dynamics and causal relationships among the variables for the period 2000–2023. The results showed that water efficiency and irrigation technology increase agricultural output, whereas nitrous oxide emissions decrease it. Data-driven approaches, agro-industrial automation, and agricultural research and development boost resource efficiency and production. However, food security, environmental stress, and unequal implementation of precision agriculture reduce efficiency. New technologies may disrupt systems and raise transition costs, but also enhance resilience and sustainability over time. The Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test suggests that environmental inputs and technological adoption affect resource efficiency in the short- and long-term. Overall, the study suggests several ways to boost sustainable, efficient farming in Asia, including improving water management, reducing emissions, increasing the use of digital and automated farming systems, and promoting precision agriculture.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Agri-business transformation
Agricultural freshwater withdrawal
Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions
Irrigated agricultural land
Technology adoption
Resource efficiency
Asia
Funding
This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. [Grant No. KFU262830].
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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