A Study of the Analysis of Chlorophyll-a Phytoplankton in the Tigris Rivers for Some Regions of Iraq by Using GIS Techniques
In this study, the distribution of chlorophyll-a for phytoplankton was monitored using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques in selected regions of Iraq represented by the three governorates namely: Salah al-Din (Samarra (1), Baghdad (Al-Muthanna Bridge (2), Al-Utaifi (3), Al-Jadiriya(4), Kut (Al-Aziziyah (5), Al-Zubaydah (6), Al-Numaniyah (7), and Al-Muftah (8)) as human agricultural, and industrial activity rose in these locations. These stations, which are located along the Tigris River, were used as sites for collecting samples. The selection procedure was conducted on a monthly basis between February 2022 and January 2023. Chlorophyll-a measurements for phytoplankton throughout the sampling period varied from 3.7 to 2.59 g/L at stations. The two stations (Al-Utaifi and Al-Zubaydah) had similar values for both seasons, and the five stations in the dry season had values of less than 0.23 g/L. While phytoplankton numbers varied from 40.32 104 to 21.16 104cell/L for stations 3 and 5, respectively, they varied from 72.39 104 to 37.7 104cell/L for stations 6 and 8, respectively, throughout the wet season. In all of the stations and classes of phytoplankton, the amount of chlorophyll dye was approximately equal to the overall density of phytoplankton. The area under study’s predictive maps of chlorophyll-a analysis also revealed changes in the concentration of dye in all stations.
Abdul, I.M. (2010). Evaluation of the Environment of Hor El-Gabayish by the adoption of environmental and life evidence. College of Agriculture, University of Basra.
Abed, B.S., Daham, M.H. and A.H. Ismail (2021). Water quality modelling and management of Diyala river and its impact on Tigris River. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 16(1): 122-135.
Al Ramahi, F.K.M. and Z.K.I Al Bahadl (2020). The spatial analysis for Bassiaeriophora (Schrad.) Asch. plant distributed in all Iraq by using RS and GIS techniques. Baghdad Science Journal, 17(1): 126-135. http://dx.doi. org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1.0126
Al Ramahi, F.K.M. and Z.K.I. Al Bahadly (2022). Estimation of Suaeda aegyptiaca plant distribution regions at Iraq using RS and GIS applications. Iraqi Journal of Science, 58(2A):767-777. Available from: https://ijs.uobaghdad. edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/6109
Al-Amiedy, E.D. and A. Al-Azawi (2022). Effect of Tharthar canal on nutrients and chlorophyll values of Tigris River, North Baghdad City Iraq. International Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 12(2): 5331-5344.
Al-Ansari N. (2019). Hydro Geopolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates. In: Recent Researches in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer: Cham, 35-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18641-8_4
Albueajee, A.I.M. (2020). Trophic Status of Auda Marsh – Southern Iraq. PhD thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Science for Women, Iraq.
Al-Hassany, J.S., Al-Naqeeb, N.A., Al-Rubaiee, G.H. and F.K. Mashee (2022). Mapping of diatom indices by remote sensing to evaluate the Um El-Naaj Marshes’ water quality. Int. J. Aquat. Biol., 11(1): 69-75.
Al-Thahaibawi, B.M.H., Al-Mayaly, I.K.A. and S.A.K. Al-Hiyaly (2021). Phytoplankton community within AlAuda marsh in Maysan province southern Iraq. Earth and Environmental Science, 722(1): 012026.
Ayeni O., Ndakidemi, P., Snyman, R. and J. Odendaal (2012). Assessment of metal concentrations, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in Phragmites australis along the lower Diep River, Cape Town, South Africa. Energy and Environment Research, 2(1): 128-139.
Bakaeva, E., Buhlool Al-Ghizzi, M.A. and A.Z. AlGhizzi (2020). Using of index biological integrity of phytoplankton (P-IBI) in the assessment of water quality in Don River Section. Baghdad Sci J, 18(1): 0087.
Basak, R., Wahid, K.A. and A. Dinh (2021). Estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration of algae species using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Water, 13: 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ w13091223.
Bhat, T.A. (2014). An analysis of demand and supply of water in India. J Environ Earth Sci., 4(11): 67-72.
Bouaziz, M., Leidig, M. and R. Gloaguen (2011). Optimal parameter selection for qualitative regional erosion risk monitoring: A remote sensing study of SE Ethiopia. Geoscience Frontiers, 2(2): 237-245.
Chang, K.T. (2006). Introduction to geographic information system. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston.
Darweesh, S.F.A. (2017). Water quality assessment of Tigris river by diatoms community between Al-Aziziyah and Kut/ Iraq. Arab J Geosci, 13: 654
Descy, J.P. and V. Gosselain (1994). Development and ecological importance of phytoplankton in a large lowland river (River Meuse, Belgium). In: Phytoplankton in Turbid Environments: Rivers and Shallow Lakes: Proceedings of the 9th Workshop of the International Association of Phytoplankton Taxonomy and Ecology (IAP) held in Mont Rigi (Belgium), 10–18 July 1993 (pp. 139-155). Springer Netherlands.
Frankovich, T.A. and J.W. Fourqurean (1997). Seagrass epiphyte loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser., 159: 37-50.
Furet, J.E. and K. Benson-Evans (1982). An evaluation of the time required to obtain complete sedimentation of fixed algal particles prior to enumeration. Br Phycol J., 17(3): 253-258.
Hadi, R. (1981). Algal Studies on the River USK Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. College, Cardiff, UK.
Hassan, F.M., Al-Kubaisi, A.A. and A.H. Talibm (2011). Phytoplankton primary production in southern Iraq. Baghdad Science Journal, 8(1): 519-530.
Hengl, T. (2009). A practical guide to geostatistical mapping. 2nd edition. EUR 22904 EN Scientific and Technical Research series report. Published by Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg (ISBN: 978–92–79-06904-8).
Hurtado, P., Prieto, M., Aragón, G., de Bello, F. and I. Martínez (2020). Intraspecific variability drives functional changes in lichen epiphytic communities across Europe. Ecology, 101(6): e03017.
IMF (2012). Ecological study on epiphytic algae on aquatic weed Myriophyllum spicatum L. in Tigris river at AlMousil province, Iraq. J Hadrmout Nat Appl Sci., 9(2) .
Ismail, A.M. (1989). Ecological and comparative study between Baghdad Touristic Island Lake ang Tigris River within Baghdad.
Jabbar, S.H. and J. Al-Hassany (2018) Use of indices of algae and water quality to assessment of Tigris river in AL- Gheraiat area in Baghdad City, Iraq. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal, 4(3): 25-41.
James, B.K. and L.I. Adejare (2010). Nutrients and phytoplankton production dynamics of a tropical harbor in relation to water quality indices. J. Am Sci., 6(9): 261-275.
Khadim, H.J. and H.O. Oleiwi (2021). Assessment of water quality in Tigris river of AL-Kut City, Iraq by Using GIS. In: E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences 318: 4001. .
Lee, R.E. (2018). Phycology. 5th ed. Cambridge University Press, pp. 535
Leelahakriengkrai, P. and Y. Peerapornpisal (2010). Diversity of benthic diatoms and water quality of the Ping River, Northern Thailand. Environ Asia, 3(1): 82-94.
Madhloom, H.M. and N. Alansari (2018). Geographical information system and remote sensing for water resources management case study: The Diyala River, Iraq. Int J Civil EngTechnol, 9: 971.
Mukai, H. (2006). Contribution of benthic and epiphytic diatoms to clam and oyster production in the Akkeshi-ko estuary. J Oceanogr., 62(3): 267-281. Nwankwo, D.I-A.A. (1992).
Epiphyte community on water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.). Solms. in coastal waters of southwestern Nigeria. Arch Hydrobiol., 124(4): 501-511.
Paerl, H.W. and J. Huisman (2009). Climate change: A catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 1(1): 27-37.
Obaid, M.A. (2021). Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Epiphytic Diatoms for Monitoring Water Quality of Tigris River-Baghdad City/Iraq. A Thesis submitted to College of Science for the University of Baghdad.
Otsuka, A.Y., Feitosa, F.A.D.N., Montes, M.D.J.F. and A.C.D. Silva (2018). Influence of fluvial discharge on the dynamics of Chlorophyll-α in the continental shelf adjacent to the Recife Port Basin (Pernambuco-Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 66: 91-103.
Panhalkar, S.S. and A.P. Jarag (2015). Assessment of spatial interpolation techniques for river bathymetry generation of Panchganga River basin using geoinformatics techniques. Asian J Geoinform, 15: 10-15.
Prescott, G.W. (1964). The Fresh-Water Algae. William, C. Brown Co., Publ. Dubuque, Iowa: pp. 222.
Rasheed, M.J. and F.K.M. Al-Ramahi (2021). Detection of the impact of climate change on desertification and sand dunes formation east of the Tigris River in Salah Al-Din Governorate using remote sensing techniques. Iraqi Geological Journal, 54(1A): 69-83. https://doi. org/10.46717/igj.54.1A.7Ms-2021-01-28
Sandu, C., Iacob, R. and N. Nicolescu (2003). Chlorophyll-a determination-a reliable method for phytoplankton biomass assessment. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 45(3-4): 389-397.
Schaum, C.E., Barton, S., Bestion, E., Buckling, A., GarciaCarreras, B. and P. Lopez et al. (2017). Adaptation of phytoplankton to a decade of experimental warming linked to increased photosynthesis. Nat Ecol and Amp Evol., 1(4):1-7.
Schindler, D.W. (2006). Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication . Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1 part2): 356-363.
Sivri, N., Seker, D.Z., Balkis, N. and A. Zan (2012). Analysis of chlorophyll-a distribution on the south –western coast of Istanbul during using GIS . Fresenius Environmental, 21(11): 3233.
Suma S. and R. Rajeshwari (2013). Assessment of water quality and pollution status of Nambol River, Manipur. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 5(1): 67-74.
Varol, M. and B. Şen (2018). Abiotic factors controlling the seasonal and spatial patterns of phytoplankton community in the Tigris River, Turkey. River Research and Applications, 34(1): 13-23.
Vollenweider, R.A. (1969). Environmental factors linked with primary production. A Man Methods Meas Prim Prod Aquat Environ IBP Handb. Limnol Oceanogr., 12: 157-177.
Yaqoob, M.M., Somlyai, I., Berta, C., Bácsi, I., Al-Tayawi, A.N., Al-Ahmady, K.K., Mohammed, R.H., Alalami, O. and I. Grigorszky (2023). The impacts of land use and seasonal effects on phytoplankton taxa and physicalchemical variables in the Tigris River within the city of Mosul. Water, 15: 1062. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ w15061062.