AccScience Publishing / AIH / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/aih.2888
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Deep learning on chest X-ray and computed tomography scans for detection of COVID-19 as a part of a network-centric digital health stack for future pandemics

Ajay Kumar Gogineni1 ,  Madapathi Hitesh1 ,  Prashant Kumar Jha2 ,  Soumya Suvashish Sen3 ,  Shreeja Das2 ,  Kisor Kumar Sahu2,4,5*
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1 School of Electrical Sciencesn Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
2 School of Minerals, Metallurgical and Materials Engineeringn Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
3 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India
4 Centre of Excellence for Novel Energy Materials (CENEMA)n Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
5 Virtual and Augmented Reality Centre of Excellencen Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
AIH, 2888 https://doi.org/10.36922/aih.2888
Submitted: 5 February 2024 | Accepted: 17 July 2024 | Published: 7 October 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Developing a reliable rapid screening protocol for highly infectious diseases like COVID-19 is of paramount interest since it facilitates the isolation of infected patients from the rest of the population. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is presently the most widely accepted gold-standard test to detect COVID-19. In this method, the RNA of the virus is duplicated by a process called reverse transcription to form DNA for facilitating the copying process. Fluorescent dye is attached to the viral genetic material and copied billions of times through the process called polymerase chain reaction. Enhanced fluorescence is used to identify the presence of genetic material of the virus. These tests are time-consuming and have significant false negatives, i.e., a person with COVID-19 might be categorized as not having the virus. Large-scale RT-PCR testing has its own share of problems such as logistics, availability and affordability in underdeveloped nations, and reliability of the test results. Machine learning algorithms can act as a cheaper supplementary/alternative diagnostic tool for the testing process. In the current study, using publicly available chest X-ray image datasets, different convolutional neural network (CNN)-based models were developed for efficient identification of COVID-19 infected patients, and their efficacies were compared. Key innovations in training the CNNs are discussed. Our results indicate that EfficientNet, SeResNext, and ResNet are best at classifying normal, pneumonia and COVID-19 cases, respectively. The ResNet architecture with transfer learning performed best at detecting COVID-19 with an accuracy of 94%, a rate far superior to that in the RT-PCR test, which is typically in the range of 70 – 80%. This is particularly attractive as an additional noninvasive protocol since such technology-augmented detection is likely to help in reducing the psychological refractory period due to COVID-19 infections. Toward the healthy lung initiative in the post-COVID-19 era, we propose close coupling of the present diagnostic protocols with digital approaches to ensure more reliable personal care within the ambit of large-scale pandemic control mechanisms. Such integration with emerging technological tools can create a benchmark for the first line of defense against future global pandemics.

Keywords
COVID-19
Machine learning
Deep learning
EfficientNet
ResNet
SeResNext
Network-centric digital health stack
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Artificial Intelligence in Health, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2387 Print ISSN: 3041-0894, Published by AccScience Publishing
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