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REVIEW ARTICLE

Immunocytochemistry profiling of ovarian cysts: A review of its clinical utility, future direction, and challenges

Owajioniro Godstime Mordecai1† ,  Yibala Ibor Oboma2* ,  Raphael Teme3†
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1 Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
2 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala, Uganda
3 Department of Histopathology/Cytopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Tumor Discovery, 5369 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.5369
Submitted: 21 October 2024 | Revised: 16 December 2024 | Accepted: 16 December 2024 | Published: 9 January 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs located in or on the surface of the ovaries. They can affect women of all ages but are most commonly seen in those of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. The two primary types of ovarian cysts are functional and pathological. Due to their asymptomatic nature, ovarian cysts are frequently diagnosed at later stages, potentially limiting therapeutic options and negatively affecting patient outcomes. Early detection requires diagnostic modalities that can differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian lesions. One promising approach is the use of immunocytochemistry (ICC) in the diagnosis of ovarian cysts, a rapidly evolving method in ovarian pathology. ICC utilizes antibodies to detect and visualize specific cellular antigens (proteins) in cytology specimens, serving as an ancillary diagnostic technique for establishing empirical diagnoses, predicting biomarkers, and assessing prognosis. A standard ICC protocol entails sample preparation, fixation, permeabilization, blocking, immunolabeling, counter-staining, and microscopic imaging of stained cells. Specific biomarkers play a significant role in distinguishing between benign and malignant ovarian cysts. Commonly used biomarkers include Cancer antigen 125, Ki-67, p53, HE4, and WT1. Future directions in this field are likely to focus on multiplex ICC, the discovery of novel biomarkers, the integration of artificial intelligence with other diagnostic modalities, and improving the standardization of ICC practice. Integrating these biomarkers into ovarian pathology will enable accurate diagnosis with reduced turnaround times, overcoming the limitations of hematoxylin and eosin staining methods.

Keywords
Immunocytochemistry
Profiling
Ovarian cyst
Review
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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