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REVIEW ARTICLE

Advances in hydrogels with biomimetic mechanical properties for dental and periodontal tissue engineering and organoid applications

Wenting Lu1† ,  Sucheol Shin2† ,  Ao Zheng1 ,  Shuaiting Wu3 ,  Jinling Liu1 ,  Zhuoyuan Li3 ,  Xiao Wang4* ,  Lingyan Cao1*
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1 Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai , China
2 School of Chemistry and Energy, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul , Republic of Korea
3 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai , China
4 Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai , China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
OR, 026150023 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR026150023
Received: 10 April 2026 | Revised: 12 July 2026 | Accepted: 3 August 2026 | Published online: 8 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Mechanically biomimetic hydrogels have emerged as promising extracellular matrix-mimicking platforms for dental and periodontal tissue engineering because of their capacity to reproduce the mechanical, structural, and biochemical characteristics of native tissue microenvironments. By providing controllable matrix stiffness, viscoelasticity, stress relaxation, fluid shear stress, and three-dimensional topographical cues, these materials can regulate stem cell fate, coordinate epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, guide tissue morphogenesis, and promote the functional maturation and mineralization of regenerating tissues. This review summarizes recent advances in the design and application of mechanically biomimetic hydrogels for the regeneration of dentin–pulp complexes, tooth germs, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and other craniofacial tissues, with particular emphasis on their emerging applications in dental and periodontal organoid engineering. Key material and design parameters, including biomimetic mineralization, mechanical tunability, three-dimensional architectural organization, and dynamic crosslinking, are systematically discussed. The mechanotransductive mechanisms by which hydrogel-derived cues regulate odontogenic, osteogenic, and periodontal differentiation are further examined. In addition, advanced fabrication strategies, including microfluidics, photocrosslinking, three-dimensional bioprinting, and decellularized extracellular matrix-based composites, are reviewed in relation to multicellular organization, vascular network formation, and reconstruction of tissue-specific interfaces. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain, including the attenuation of mechanical signals during long-term culture, insufficient spatiotemporal control of multicellular organization, limited vascularization and innervation, and discrepancies between engineered mineralized tissues and native dental hard tissues. Future developments in intelligent mechanoresponsive hydrogels, high-resolution developmental mechanobiological atlases, organoid-based multiscale validation systems, and automated biomanufacturing may facilitate the transition from empirical tissue repair toward mechanically programmed dental and periodontal regeneration.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Hydrogel
Organoid
Dental tissue
Mechanical responsiveness
Tissue regeneration
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers: 82270953 and 82401063).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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