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REVIEW ARTICLE

Organoids: Applications and challenges of advanced hydrogels in tissue systems

Yuxin Jin1 ,  Qizhu Chen2 ,  Longhui Gong1 ,  Xinfeng Zheng2 ,  Linjie Chen1 ,  Bo Li2 ,  Hao Zhou3 ,  Kenny Yat Hong Kwan4 ,  Ouqiang Wu1 ,  Zitian Zheng5 ,  Morgan Jones6 ,  Yuting Huang7 ,  Dilhana S. Badurdeen7 ,  Yikun Chen1 ,  Kai Chen8 ,  Sunren Sheng1* ,  Shengdan Jiang2* ,  Aimin Wu1*
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1 Department of Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
2 Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
3 Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
4 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
5 Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University
6 Spine Unit, The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Bristol Road South, Northfield, Birmingham B31 2AP, United Kingdom
7 Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Florida, USA
8 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
OR, 8262 https://doi.org/10.36922/or.8262
Submitted: 10 September 2024 | Revised: 18 October 2024 | Accepted: 17 November 2024 | Published: 16 April 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Repair and regeneration of tissues and organs remain central to medical research. Organoids, advanced models created through in vitro tissue engineering, enable stem cells to form three-dimensional structures that replicate organ tissues and function spontaneously. The advancement of organoid technology has greatly enhanced our understanding of disease progression and organ development. A crucial component of this technology is the development of appropriate scaffolds to support organoid growth. Recently, hydrogels have emerged as promising materials due to their excellent biocompatibility, tunability, and degradability, facilitating the in vitro culture of stem cells and their differentiation into various organoids. However, more complex organ models, which involve extensive intercellular and extracellular communication, present significant challenges for present research. Moreover, advancements in biomaterial fabrication and their integration with organoid technology remain underexplored. This review explores the pivotal role of hydrogels in organoid preparation, comparing the advantages and limitations of different hydrogel fabrication methods. It also highlights recent advancements in the application of organoid hydrogels across various biological systems and discusses future challenges and directions in this field.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Organoids
Stem cells
Tissue regeneration
Hydrogels
Funding
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272555) and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LGF21H060010).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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