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REVIEW ARTICLE

Organoid research: Theory, technology, and therapeutics

Long Bai1,2,3 ,  Yingying Jing1,2 ,  Rui L. Reis4,5* ,  Xiaoyuan Chen6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13* ,  Jiacan Su1,2,14* ,  Changsheng Liu1,15*
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1 Organoid Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
2 National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
3 Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
4 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Portugal
5 ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
6 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
7 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
8 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
9 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
10 Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
11 Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
12 Theranostics Center of Excellence, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
13 Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
14 Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
15 Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
OR 2025, 1(1), 025040007 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR025040007
Submitted: 24 January 2025 | Revised: 20 February 2025 | Accepted: 26 February 2025 | Published: 24 March 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Organoids are 3D cellular constructs formed through in vitro assembly and stem cell self-organization, recapitulating key features of human tissues with physiological relevance far exceeding traditional 2D cultures and animal models. Their ability to mimic tissue-specific architecture, cellular diversity, and functional dynamics has driven transformative advances in biomedical research, spanning disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. In recent years, significant progress in organoid technology has been achieved, driven by innovations such as organoid bioprinting, highlighting the need for a dedicated academic platform. In response, we established Organoid Research, a journal committed to advancing this rapidly evolving field through the publication of high-impact research. In this inaugural perspective article, we provide a comprehensive overview of future trends in organoid research, emphasizing the integration of materiobiology-driven organoid construction and emerging technologies, such as 3D bioprinting, artificial intelligence, and assembloid technologies. We also explore the translational potential of organoids in personalized medicine, focusing on their therapeutic applications. This perspective emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the clinical translation and widespread application of organoids.

Keywords
Organoids
Trends
Theory
Technology
Therapeutics
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32471396, 82427809, 82230071), the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (23141900600, Laboratory Animal Research Project), and the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology (YESS20230049).
Conflict of interest
Rui L. Reis, Shawn Chen, Jiacan Su, and Changsheng Liu are Editorial Board Members of this journal but were not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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