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REVIEW ARTICLE

Brain organoids: An innovative model for central nervous system diseases in neurosurgery

Fuming Yang1 ,  Jian Wang2 ,  Zhu’anzhen Zheng2 ,  Guosheng Han1* ,  Jie Zhang3*
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1 Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
2 Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
3 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
OR 2025, 1(1), 8261 https://doi.org/10.36922/or.8261
Submitted: 27 December 2024 | Revised: 26 February 2025 | Accepted: 14 March 2025 | Published: 24 March 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in regulating sensory perception, cognition, motor control, and homeostasis. However, these functions can be impaired by diseases such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), thereby reducing life quality. Traditional experimental models fall short in capturing CNS pathology. Brain organoids (BOs), derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells, replicate human brain structure and function, offering new insights into CNS diseases. TBI-induced neural death and neuroinflammation can be modeled using BOs but further refinement is required to mirror complex brain architecture. For GBM, BOs provide insights into the tumor microenvironment and glioblastoma stem cells behavior, aiding drug screening. In PD research, BOs replicate dopaminergic neuron loss, but long-term stability and reproducibility remain challenging. While BOs offer improved insight into CNS pathology, key challenges remain, including the need for better simulation of brain complexity, long-term stability, and reproducibility. In this review, we focus on the application of BOs in modeling neurological diseases related to neurosurgical practice. We also discuss their application scenarios, construction strategies, and clinical relevance, aiming to provide a reference for further research on organoid-based models, addressing the limitations of traditional models.

Keywords
Brain organoids
Traumatic brain injury
Glioblastoma
Parkinson’s disease
Disease modelling
Drug screening
Personalized medicine
Funding
This work was supported by the Research Initiation Project of Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University to the author FM.Y. (grant number: sykyqd11501).
Conflict of interest
Jie Zhang is an Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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