AccScience Publishing / JCTR / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/JCTR025410069
Submit to JCTR
Cite this article
2
Download
52
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW ARTICLE

Hepatitis B virus X protein-targeted therapeutic strategies toward a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B infection: A review

Sunita Giri1 ,  Vijay Kumar1*
Show Less
1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
JCTR, 025410069 https://doi.org/10.36922/JCTR025410069
Received: 8 October 2025 | Revised: 27 November 2025 | Accepted: 13 January 2026 | Published online: 9 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedicine and Bioinformatics Engineering)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Download PDF
XML
Cite
Abstract

Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a major global health challenge, with persistent covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and viral integration leading to lifelong infection, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current antiviral therapies suppress replication but rarely achieve a functional cure. The multifunctional hepatitis B virus (HBV) X (HBx) protein is well known to sustain viral replication, impair host immune responses, and promote hepatocarcinogenesis, which makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Aim: This review synthesizes current literature supporting HBx as a promising therapeutic target to achieve a functional cure of CHB. Conclusion: HBx is a high-value therapeutic target with potential to accelerate progress toward a functional cure. Destabilization or downregulation of HBx would not only attenuate its oncogenic signaling but also limit relapse after treatment discontinuation and diminish the cccDNA reservoir and viral antigen load. Relevance for patients: Multitargeted treatment regimens incorporating HBx-directed therapies hold the potential to achieve durable viral suppression and a functional cure, and to reduce the risk of HCC. The combined strategies could transform the long-term management and outcomes for patients with CHB.

Keywords
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis B virus X protein
Chronic hepatitis B
Covalently closed circular DNA
Viral persistence
Furanocoumarins
Functional cure
Funding
This work was supported in part by a J.C. Bose National Fellowship (Grant no. SR/S2/JCB-80/2012) from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi (awarded to V.K.). S.G. received a senior research fellowship from the University Grants Commission, India (grant no. 590/CSIR-UGC NET June 2017).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
  1. Jeng WJ, Papatheodoridis GV, Lok ASF. Hepatitis B. Lancet. 2023;401(10381):1039-1052. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01468-4

 

  1. di Filippo Villa D, Navas MC. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus-an update. Microorganisms. 2023;11(5):1140. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051140

 

  1. WHO; 2025. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b [Last accessed on 2025 Sep 21].

 

  1. CDC; 2025. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ hepatitis-b/hcp/perinatal-provider-overview/index.html [Last accessed on 2025 Sep 24].

 

  1. Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18035. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.35

 

  1. Seeger C, Mason WS. Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection. Virology. 2015;479-480:672-686. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.031

 

  1. Kumar V. HBx protein as a therapeutic target for functional cure of hepatitis B virus infection. Virology. 2025;604:110438. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110438

 

  1. Zoulim F, Chen PJ, Dandri M, Kennedy PT, Seeger C. Hepatitis B virus DNA integration: Implications for diagnostics, therapy, and outcome. J Hepatol. 2024;81(6):1087-1099. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.06.037

 

  1. Singh A, Kumar J, Kumar V. Chronic hepatitis B infection: Current and emerging therapeutic strategies. Curr Top Med Chem. 2023;23(18):1727-1752. doi: 10.2174/1568026623666230413094331

 

  1. Liu T, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wang YX, Xing X, Gao P. Drug development for chronic hepatitis B functional cure: Recent progress. World J Hepatol. 2025;17:105797. doi: 10.4254/wjh. v17.i4.105797

 

  1. Kumar V, Sarkar DP. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx): Structure-function relationships and role in viral pathogenesis. In: Gossen M, Kaufman J, Triezenberg SJ, editors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology – Transcription Factors. Vol. 166. Berlin/Heidelberg (Germany): Springer; 2004. p. 377-407. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-18932-6_12

 

  1. Li D, Hamadalnil Y, Tu T. Hepatitis B viral protein HBx: Roles in viral replication and hepatocarcinogenesis. Viruses. 2024;16(9):1361. doi: 10.3390/v16091361

 

  1. Sivasudhan E, Blake N, Lu Z, Meng J, Rong R. Hepatitis B viral protein HBx and the molecular mechanisms modulating the hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review. Cells. 2022;11:741. doi: 10.3390/cells11040741

 

  1. Turton KL, Meier-Stephenson V, Badmalia MD, Coffin CS, Patel TR. Host transcription factors in hepatitis B virus RNA synthesis. Viruses. 2020;12(2):160. doi: 10.3390/v12020160

 

  1. Prieto C, Montecinos J, Jiménez G, et al. Phosphorylation of phylogenetically conserved amino acid residues confines HBx within different cell compartments of human hepatocarcinoma cells. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1254. doi: 10.3390/molecules26051254

 

  1. Henkler F, Hoare J, Waseem N, et al. Intracellular localization of the hepatitis B virus HBx protein. J Gen Virol. 2001;82(Pt 4):871-882. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-871

 

  1. Agustiningsih A, Rasyak MR, Turyadi, Jayanti S, Sukowati C. The oncogenic role of hepatitis B virus X gene in hepatocarcinogenesis: Recent updates. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2024;5(1):120-134. doi: 10.37349/etat.2024.00209

 

  1. Minor MM, Slagle BL. Hepatitis B virus HBx protein interactions with the ubiquitin proteasome system. Viruses. 2014;6(11):4683-4702. doi: 10.3390/v6114683

 

  1. Hu Z, Zhang Z, Doo E, Coux O, Goldberg AL, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B virus X protein is both a substrate and a potential inhibitor of the proteasome complex. J Virol. 1999;73(9):7231-7240. doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.9.7231-7240.1999

 

  1. Kim JH, Kang S, Kim J, Ahn BY. Hepatitis B virus core protein stimulates the proteasome-mediated degradation of viral X protein. J Virol. 2003;77(13):7166-7173. doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.13.7166-7173.2003

 

  1. Kornyeyev D, Ramakrishnan D, Voitenleitner C, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of hepatitis B virus X protein in primary human hepatocytes. J Virol. 2019;93(16):e00248-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00248-19

 

  1. Dandri M, Petersen J, Stockert RJ, Harris TM, Rogler CE. Metabolic labeling of woodchuck hepatitis B virus X protein in naturally infected hepatocytes reveals a bimodal half-life and association with the nuclear framework. J Virol. 1998;72(11):9359-9364. doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.11.9359-9364.1998

 

  1. Xian L, Zhao J, Wang J, et al. p53 Promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of oncogenic protein HBx by transcription of MDM2. Mol Biol Rep. 2010;37(6):2935-2940. doi: 10.1007/s11033-009-9855-1

 

  1. Lim HY, Han J, Yoon H, Jang KL. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by downregulating HBx via E6AP-mediated proteasomal degradation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Viruses. 2022;14:2313. doi: 10.3390/v14102313

 

  1. Qiu Q, He Z, Liu J, et al. Homeobox protein MSX-1 restricts hepatitis B virus by promoting ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of HBx protein. PLoS Pathog. 2025;21:e1012897. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012897

 

  1. Wang J, Yuan X, Wang Y, et al. PreS1BP mediates inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by promoting HBx protein degradation. Virus Res. 2024;341:199326. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199326

 

  1. Zhao J, Wang C, Wang J, et al. E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah-1 facilitates poly-ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of the hepatitis B viral X protein. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(19):2943-2950. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.015

 

  1. Hu Q, Liu Z, Liu Y, et al. SIAH2 suppresses c-JUN pathway by promoting the polyubiquitination and degradation of HBx in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med. 2024;28:e18484. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.18484

 

  1. Wan T, Lei Z, Tu B, Wang T, Wang J, Huang F. NEDD4 Induces K48-Linked degradative ubiquitination of hepatitis B virus X protein and inhibits HBV-associated HCC progression. Front Oncol. 2021;11:625169. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.625169

 

  1. Lee S, Yoon H, Han J, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by downregulating HBx levels via Siah-1-mediated proteasomal degradation during coinfection. J Gen Virol. 2021;102(12):e001701. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001701

 

  1. Song Y, Li M, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wei L, Xu W. E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 restricts hepatitis B virus replication by targeting HBx for proteasomal degradation. Antiviral Res. 2021;192:105107. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105107

 

  1. Sheng X, Yang Y, Zhu M, et al. Non-proteolytic ubiquitination of HBx controls HBV replication. Virol Sin. 2024;39(2):338-342. doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.008

 

  1. Tan G, Yi Z, Song H, et al. Type-I-IFN-stimulated gene TRIM5γ inhibits HBV replication by promoting HBx degradation. Cell Rep. 2019;29(11):3551-3563.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.041

 

  1. Su ZJ, Cao JS, Wu YF, et al. Deubiquitylation of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) by ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15) increases HBx stability and its transactivation activity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40246. doi: 10.1038/srep40246

 

  1. Wu Q, Zhang L, Xu X, et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein is stabilized by the deubiquitinating enzyme VCPIP1 in a ubiquitin-independent manner by recruiting the 26S proteasome subunit PSMC3. J Virol. 2022;96(13):e0061122. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00611-22

 

  1. Liu N, Zhang J, Yang X, et al. HDM2 promotes NEDDylation of hepatitis B virus HBx to enhance its stability and function. J Virol. 2017;91(16):e00340-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00340-17

 

  1. Kong X, Liu Z, Zhang R, et al. JMJD2D stabilises and cooperates with HBx protein to promote HBV transcription and replication. JHEP Rep. 2023;5(10):100849. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100849

 

  1. Shan H, Wang B, Zhang X, et al. CUL4B facilitates HBV replication by promoting HBx stabilization. Cancer Biol Med. 2021;19(1):120-131. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0468

 

  1. Cho HK, Kim SY, Yoo SK, Choi YH, Cheong J. Fatty acids increase hepatitis B virus X protein stabilization and HBx-induced inflammatory gene expression. FEBS J. 2014;281(9):2228-2239. doi: 10.1111/febs.12776

 

  1. Yen CJ, Yang ST, Chen RY, et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) enhances centrosomal P4.1-associated protein (CPAP) expression to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0534-9

 

  1. Lim JH, Kim DG, Yu DY, et al. Stabilization of E2-EPF UCP protein is implicated in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(13):2647-2662. doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03066-9

 

  1. Chen H, Zhang Y, Ye S, et al. Chromatin remodelling factor BAF155 protects hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) from ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8(1):1393-1405. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1666661

 

  1. Belloni L, Pollicino T, De Nicola F, et al. Nuclear HBx binds the HBV minichromosome and modifies the epigenetic regulation of cccDNA function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(47):19975-19979. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908365106

 

  1. Shon JK, Shon BH, Park IY, et al. Hepatitis B virus-X protein recruits histone deacetylase 1 to repress insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 transcription. Virus Res. 2009;139(1):14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.09.006

 

  1. Rivière L, Gerossier L, Ducroux A, et al. HBx relieves chromatin-mediated transcriptional repression of hepatitis B viral cccDNA involving SETDB1 histone methyltransferase. J Hepatol. 2015;63(5):1093-1102. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.023

 

  1. Chong CK, Cheng CYS, Tsoi SYJ, et al. HBV X protein mutations affect HBV transcription and association of histone-modifying enzymes with covalently closed circular DNA. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):802. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57637-z

 

  1. Alarcon V, Hernández S, Rubio L, et al. The enzymes LSD1 and Set1A cooperate with the viral protein HBx to establish an active hepatitis B viral chromatin state. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25901. doi: 10.1038/srep25901

 

  1. Gómez-Moreno A, Ploss A. Mechanisms of hepatitis B virus cccDNA and minichromosome formation and HBV gene transcription. Viruses. 2024;16(4):609. doi: 10.3390/v16040609

 

  1. Decorsière A, Mueller H, van Breugel PC, et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein identifies the Smc5/6 complex as a host restriction factor. Nature. 2016;531(7594):386-389. doi: 10.1038/nature17170

 

  1. Sitterlin D, Lee TH, Prigent S, Tiollais P, Butel JS, Transy C. Interaction of the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein with hepatitis B virus X protein is conserved among mammalian hepadnaviruses and restricted to transactivation-proficient X-insertion mutants. J Virol. 1997;71(8):6194-6199. doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.8.6194-6199.1997

 

  1. Bächer J, Allweiss L, Dandri M. SMC5/6-mediated transcriptional regulation of hepatitis B virus and its therapeutic potential. Viruses. 2024;16(11):1667. doi: 10.3390/v16111667

 

  1. Li A, Yi Z, Ma C, et al. Innate immune recognition in hepatitis B virus infection. Virulence. 2025;16(1):2492371. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2492371

 

  1. Kim HR, Lee SH, Jung G. The hepatitis B viral X protein activates NF-kappaB signaling pathway through the up-regulation of TBK1. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(3):525-530. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.091

 

  1. Wang X, Li Y, Mao A, Li C, Li Y, Tien P. Hepatitis B virus X protein suppresses virus-triggered IRF3 activation and IFN-beta induction by disrupting the VISA-associated complex. Cell Mol Immunol. 2010;7(5):341-348. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2010.36

 

  1. Kim S, Park J, Han J, Jang KL. Hepatitis B virus X protein induces reactive oxygen species generation via activation of p53 in human hepatoma cells. Biomolecules. 2024;14(10):1201. doi: 10.3390/biom14101201

 

  1. Fu S, Zhou RR, Li N, Huang Y, Fan XG. Hepatitis B virus X protein in liver tumor microenvironment. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:15371-15381. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5406-2

 

  1. Lin S, Zhang YJ. Interference of apoptosis by hepatitis B virus. Viruses. 2017;9(8):230. doi: 10.3390/v9080230

 

  1. Wei C, Ni C, Song T, et al. The hepatitis B virus X protein disrupts innate immunity by downregulating mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. J Immunol. 2010;185(2):1158-1168. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903874

 

  1. Chen X, Qian Y, Yan F, et al. 5’-triphosphate-siRNA activates RIG-I-dependent type I interferon production and enhances inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;721:86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.050

 

  1. Gane E, Lim YS, Kim JB, et al. Evaluation of RNAi therapeutics VIR-2218 and ALN-HBV for chronic hepatitis B: Results from randomized clinical trials. J Hepatol. 2023;79:924-932. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.023

 

  1. Yuen MF, Lim YS, Yoon KT, et al. VIR-2218 (elebsiran) plus pegylated interferon-alfa-2a in participants with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A phase 2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;9:1121-1132. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00237-1

 

  1. Han K, Ito H, Elston R, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of the GalNAc-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide GSK3389404 in participants with chronic hepatitis B infection across the Asia-Pacific region. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023;67(1):e0090022. doi: 10.1128/aac.00900-22

 

  1. Rawal P, Tripathi DM, Hemati H, et al. Targeted HBx gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 system effectively reduces epithelial to mesenchymal transition and HBV replication in hepatoma cells. Liver Int. 2024;44:614-624. doi: 10.1111/liv.15805

 

  1. Sekiba K, Otsuka M, Ohno M, et al. Inhibition of HBV transcription from cccDNA with nitazoxanide by targeting the HBx-DDB1 interaction. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;7(2):297-312. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.010

 

  1. Rossignol JF, Bréchot C. A pilot clinical trial of nitazoxanide in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Commun. 2019;3:744-747. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1339

 

  1. Ren J, Cheng S, Ren F, et al. Epigenetic regulation and its therapeutic potential in hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA. Genes Dis. 2024;12:101215. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2024.101215

 

  1. Kumar J, Singh A, Tyagi P, Sharma D, Sarin SK, Kumar V. New thiourea derivatives that target the episomal silencing SMC5 protein to inhibit HBx-dependent viral DNA replication and gene transcription. Virusdisease. 2024;35(4):577-588. doi: 10.1007/s13337-024-00895-6

 

  1. Xie M, Guo H, Lou G, et al. Neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 has anti-HBV activity via modulating the ERK-HNF1α-C/ EBPα-HNF4α axis. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:840-854. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16137

 

  1. Wen X, Li D, Chen P, et al. Gambogic acid inhibits HBx-mediated hepatitis B virus replication by targeting the DTX1- Notch signaling pathway. Virus Res. 2024;339:199273. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199273

 

  1. Chang CD, Lin PY, Hsu JL, Shih WL. Ursolic acid suppresses hepatitis B virus X protein-mediated autophagy and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Anticancer Res. 2016;36:5097-5107. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.11079

 

  1. Cheng ST, Hu JL, Ren JH, et al. Dicoumarol, an NQO1 inhibitor, blocks cccDNA transcription by promoting degradation of HBx. J Hepatol. 2021;74(3):522-534. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.019

 

  1. Huang SX, Mou JF, Luo Q, et al. Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of esculetin from Microsorium fortunei in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2019;24:3475. doi: 10.3390/molecules24193475

 

  1. Ren F, Hu J, Dang Y, et al. Sphondin efficiently blocks HBsAg production and cccDNA transcription through promoting HBx degradation. J Med Virol. 2023;95(3):e28578. doi: 10.1002/jmv.28578

 

  1. Tyagi P, Singh A, Kumar J, et al. Furanocoumarins promote proteasomal degradation of viral HBx protein and down-regulate cccDNA transcription and replication of hepatitis B virus. Virology. 2024;595:110065. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110065

 

  1. Li R, Wang C, Xu K, et al. Asiatic acid inhibits HBV cccDNA transcription by promoting HBx degradation. Virol J. 2024;21:268. doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02535-3

 

  1. Han J, Jang KL. All-trans retinoic acid downregulates HBx levels via E6-associated protein-mediated proteasomal degradation to suppress hepatitis B virus replication. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0305350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305350

 

  1. Horng JH, Lin WH, Wu CR, et al. HBV X protein-based therapeutic vaccine accelerates viral antigen clearance by mobilizing monocyte infiltration into the liver in HBV carrier mice. J Biomed Sci. 2020;27(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00662-x

 

  1. Tao S, Pan S, Gu C, et al. Characterization and engineering of broadly reactive monoclonal antibody against hepatitis B virus X protein that blocks its interaction with DDB1. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):20323. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56819-8

 

  1. Zhang JF, Xiong HL, Cao JL, et al. A cell-penetrating whole molecule antibody targeting intracellular HBx suppresses hepatitis B virus via TRIM21-dependent pathway. Theranostics. 2018;8(2):549-562. doi: 10.7150/thno.20047

 

  1. Tsounis EP, Tourkochristou E, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. Toward a new era of hepatitis B virus therapeutics: The pursuit of a functional cure. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27:2727-2757. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i21.2727

 

  1. Fanning GC, Zoulim, F, Hou, J, Bertoletti, A. Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis B virus infection: Towards a cure. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18:827-844. doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0037-0

 

  1. Phillips S, Jagatia R, Chokshi S. Novel therapeutic strategies for chronic hepatitis B. Virulence. 2022;13:1111-1132. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2093444

 

  1. Xu Y, Liu X, Cao X, et al. Artificial intelligence: A powerful paradigm for scientific research. Innovation (Camb). 2021;2:100179. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100179

 

  1. Ma Y, Nakamoto S, Ao J, et al. Antiviral compounds screening targeting HBx protein of the hepatitis B virus. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:12015. doi: 10.3390/ijms231912015

 

  1. Zhang Y, Li L, Cheng ST, et al. Rapamycin inhibits hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA transcription by enhancing the ubiquitination of HBx. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:850087. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.850087

 

  1. Hamadalnil Y, Altayb HN. In silico molecular study of hepatitis B virus X protein as a therapeutic target. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2024;42:4002-4015. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2217920

 

  1. Zhang E, Kosinska A, Lu M, Yan H, Roggendorf M. Current status of immunomodulatory therapy in chronic hepatitis B, fifty years after discovery of the virus: Search for the “magic bullet” to kill cccDNA. Antiviral Res. 2015;123:193-203. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.009

 

  1. Zhang L, Cao Y, Zhuang S, et al. Small nucleic acid drugs-the dawn of functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1633001. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1633001

 

  1. Li J, Liu S, Zang Q, Yang R, Zhao Y, He Y. Current trends and advances in antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137(23):2821-2832. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000003178

 

  1. Lok AS, Pan CQ, Han SH, et al. Randomized phase II study of GS-4774 as a therapeutic vaccine in virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2016;65:509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.016

 

  1. Hao L, Li S, Hu X. Therapeutic interventions aimed at cccDNA: Unveiling mechanisms and evaluating the potency of natural products. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1598872. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1598872

 

  1. Liu C, Cai D, Zhang L, et al. Identification of hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin, punicalin and geraniin) as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA. Antiviral Res. 2016;134:97-107. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.026

 

  1. Peng Z, Fang G, Peng F, et al. Effects of Rubiadin isolated from Prismatomeris connata on anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro. Phytother Res. 2017;31(12):1962-1970. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5945

 

  1. Lin M, Yang LY, Li WY, Peng YP, Zheng JK. Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by oxymatrine. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(5):1411-1419. doi: 10.1177/147323000903700515
Next article in this issue
Share
Back to top
Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, Electronic ISSN: 2424-810X Print ISSN: 2382-6533, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept