AccScience Publishing / JCTR / Volume 7 / Issue 4 / DOI: 10.18053/jctres.07.202104.014
REVIEW ARTICLE

The effects of twenty-one nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function: A narrative review

John E. Lewis1* Jillian Poles2 Delaney P. Shaw3 Elisa Karhu4 Sher Ali Khan5 Annabel E. Lyons6 Susana Barreiro Sacco7 H. Reginald McDaniel8
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1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
2 Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
3 Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
4 Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
5 Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
6 School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
7 Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center Miami Beach, FL, USA
8 Wellness Quest, LLC, Grand Prairie, TX, USA
Submitted: 24 January 2021 | Revised: 17 June 2021 | Accepted: 9 July 2021 | Published: 4 August 2021
© 2021 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract

Background and aim: Brain health is becoming more important to the average person as the number of people with cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is rising significantly. The current FDA-approved pharmacotherapeutics for dementia neither cure nor halt cognitive decline; they just delay the worsening cognitive impairment. This narrative review summarizes the effects of nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was performed to find clinical trials in humans that assessed the effects of nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function published in English between 2000 and 2021. Six independent reviewers evaluated the articles for inclusion in this review.
Results: Ninety-six articles were summarized in this narrative review. In total 21 categories of nutrients and phytonutrients were included, i.e., α-lipoic acid, Bacopa monnieri, B vitamins, cholinergic precursors, vitamin D, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, lion’s mane mushroom, N-acetyl cysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, aloe polysaccharides, Rhodiola rosea, rosemary, saffron, tart cherries, turmeric, wild yam, Withania somnifera, xanthines, and zinc. Particular noteworthy effects on cognition included memory, recollection, attention, intelligence, vocabulary, recognition, response inhibition, arousal, performance enhancement, planning, creative thinking, reaction time, vigilance, task switching, orientation to time, place, and person, reading, writing, comprehension, accuracy, learning, information processing speed, executive function, mental flexibility, daily functioning, decrease in mental fatigue, and freedom from distractibility. Some nutrients and phytonutrients also improved mood and contentedness and reduced anxiety and the need for caregiving. These effects are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health statuses. Adverse effects were minimal or nonexistent.
Conclusion: Due to the growing population of people with cognitive impairment and the lack of effective pharmacotherapeutics, it is prudent for those afflicted or their caregivers to find alternative treatments. Our narrative review shows that many of these nutrients and phytonutrients may be promising for treating some aspects of cognitive impairment, especially for people afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease.
Relevance for patients: As demonstrated in a number of clinical trials, healthy adults and patients with various health challenges (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease) exhibiting a wide range of severity in cognitive defects would be best served to consider multiple nutrients and phytonutrients to improve aspects of their cognitive function.

Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, Electronic ISSN: 2424-810X Print ISSN: 2382-6533, Published by AccScience Publishing