Spatial analysis of urban garden space production in relation to rural land use: A case study of Zanjan City
The present study examines land use pattern changes from a food security perspective. In this study, Landsat series satellite images were classified using R software, applying two different classification methods: Neural network and random forest. These methods were applied to satellite images from five different years – 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The findings indicate a growing trend in Garden City development, driven by the conversion of barren lands and pastures into gardens and arboretums. This transformation can have both potential positive and negative impacts on the region’s physical and environmental indicators. In addition, the expansion of urban and industrial spaces has been one of the primary causes of natural vegetation loss. Furthermore, an analysis of land cover changes from 2000 to 2020 using IDRISI TerrSet software revealed that a significant portion of barren land was converted into tree plantation. This shift is in line with the expansion of Garden City activities in the studied area, particularly in the past decade.
Ahmad, W. S., Kaloop, M. R., Jamal, S., Taqi, M., Hu, J. W., & Abd El-Hamid, H. (2024). An analysis of LULC changes for understanding the impact of anthropogenic activities on food security: A case study of Dudhganga watershed, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(1):105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12264-9
Alshari, E. A., Abdulkareem, M. B., & Gawali, B. W. (2023). Classification of land use/land cover using artificial intelligence (ANN-RF). Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5:964279. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.964279
Amirzadeh Moradabadi, S. (2017), Effect of Agricultural Sustainability on Food Security of Rural Households in Iran. [Doctoral dissertation, Zabol University]. Available from: https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/ articles/7866e6fba97446d54c0f7fe177ef8f26 [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Blanco Pastor, A., Canniffe, E., & Rosa Jiménez, C. J. (2023). Learning from Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City: Garden cities’ policies for the development of existing settlements in the contemporary world. Land Use Policy, 132:106759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106759
Cabannes, Y., & Ross, P. (2018). Food Planning in Garden Cities: The Letchworth Legacy. Pioneering Urban Agriculture and Food Integration into Urban Planning and Design. RUAF. Available from: https://ruaf.org/assets/2019/11/food-planning-in-garden-cities.pdf [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Daviran, E. (2023). The effects of corona on urban space limitation and change of use and price growth of garden lands around the city (Case study: Garden cities in the western suburbs of Zanjan). Journal of Urban Function Studies and Structure, 10(35):171-189. https://doi.org/10.22080/usfs.2023.24488.2312
Du Toit, M. J., Rendón, O., Cologna, V., Cilliers, S. S., & Dallimer, M. (2022). Why home gardens fail in enhancing food security and dietary diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10:804523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.804523
Eastman, J. R., & Toledano, J. (2018). A short presentation of the Land Change Modeler (LCM). In: Geomatic Approaches for Modeling Land Change Scenarios. Berlin, Germany: Springer, p. 499-505.
Esfandiar, H., & Fadaei, H. (2022). Bastions of tradition or capitalist commodification? The fate of gardens in the modernizing Iranian City. Journal of Urban History, 30(3):185-201. https://doi.org/10.8574/frai.2023.2585
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO. (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All. FAO. Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/ bitstreams/1c38676f-f5f7-47cf-81b3-f4c9794eba8a/content [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Gaiballa, A. K., & Abdalla, N. I. (2015). Management of land use systems for enhanced food security: Conflicts, controversies and resolutions. In: Livelihood Transformation as Influenced by Socio-environmental Changes and Its Impact on Food Security among Small Producers of the Red Sea Zone of Eastern Sudan. Tropentag, p. 291-317. Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.tropentag.de/2015/proceedings/proceedings. pdf [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Ghosh, S. (2021). Urban agriculture potential of home gardens in residential land uses: A case study of regional city of Dubbo, Australia. Land Use Policy, 109:105676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105676
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press. Available from: https://www.deeplearningbook. org [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Harvey, D. (2006). Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. New York: Verso.
Heidari, M. T., Jahani, D., Haqi, Y., Alipour, D., & Tilkoi Beghehjan, F. (2022). The role of garden-city spaces in sustainable food governance: A case study of garden-cities in Zanjan. Journal of Urban and Regional Geography, 10(3):21-38. https://doi.org /10.22059/jurbangeo.2022.345609.1719
Hosseini, H., & Amini, M. (2023). Investment in new urban developments: Garden city facade or environmental neglect? Journal of Urban Environmental Policy, 15(2):101-119.
Howard, E. (1898). Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60801-3_26
Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & Clarivate. (2023). Research Fronts 2023. Institutes of Science and Development.
Jahani, D., Haqi, Y., Heidari, M. T., & Moeini-Nasab, M. (2023). A review of sustainable food security from the perspective of stakeholders in the garden-home system (Case study: Garden-home in Zanjan city). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 47(1):59-74. https://doi.org/10.22126/ges.2023.8469.2598
Jia, D., Cheng, C., Song, C., Shen, S., Ning, L., & Zhang, T. (2021). A hybrid deep learning-based spatiotemporal fusion method for combining satellite images with different resolutions. Remote Sensing, 13(4):645. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040645
Khansari, M., Moghtader, M., & Yavari, M. (2004). The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise. Iran Cultural and Tourism Heritage Organization. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers.
Lone, S. A., & Mayer, I. A. (2017). Assessment of the impact of land use land cover change on food security of District Anantnag of Kashmir Valley. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(7):43-50. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2207174350
Mirzaei, A., & Rezaei, M. (2021). From Persian gardens to capitalist urban sprawl: The transformation of green spaces in Tehran. Journal of Iranian Urban Studies, 45(2):134-150.
Molaei Yeganeh, H. (2019). Presenting the Regeneration Model of Inefficient Urban Structures Under Study: Bisim Area of Zanjan City. [Doctoral dissertation, Zanjan University].
Nguyen, H. T. T., Doan, T. M., & Radeloff, V. (2018). Applying random forest classification to map land use/land cover using Landsat 8 OLI. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42:363-367. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-363-2018
Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R., & Gianquinto, G. (2013). Urban agriculture in the developing world: A review. Agron, 33(3):695-720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0143-z
Priya, R. S., & Vani, K. (2019). Deep Learning Based Forest Fire Classification and Detection in Satellite Images. In: Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC). IEEE, p. 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoAC48765.2019.246860
Reyhan Kalvanagh, M., Ahadnejad, M., & Heidari, M. T. (2023). Analyzing the causes and factors affecting the production of garden city in peri-urban areas of Zanjan. Human Ecology Quarterly, 2(2):96-106. https://doi.org/10.22034/el.2023.387541.1007
Ribeiro, A., Madureira, L., & Carvalho, R. (2023). Evidence on how urban gardens help citizens and cities to enhance sustainable development: Review and bibliometric analysis. Landscape and Urban Planning, 236:104766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104766
Safari, Y. (2023). A review of food security measurement indicators in the country and the missing role of soil. Journal of Land Management, 11(1):15-29. https://doi.org/10.22092/lmj.2022.127441
Shah, R., & Ali, R. (2022). The urbanization of traditional gardens in Iran: Impact of capitalism on green spaces in modern cities. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 58(4):215-230.
Shi, S., Zhang, Z., Li, L., & Chen, J. (2023). Urban river transformation and the landscape garden city movement in China. Sustainability, 10(11):4103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114103
Soltani, A., Eskander Zand, S.M., Alimagham, A, Nehbandani, H. B., & Jolaei, R. (2021). Analysis of the Country’s Food Security Until 2050 with Interrelated Modeling of Water, Land, Food, Landscape Environment and Necessary Policies. The Collection of Documents Related to the Strategic Document of Food Security and Transformation, The Organization of Research, Education and Promotion of Agriculture, The Deputy of Promotion and Education of Agriculture. Publishing of Agricultural Education. Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://agrilib.areeo.ac.ir/book_10039.pdf [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Soltani, M., & Sharifi, M. (2022). Urban garden cities in Iran: Commercialization and the quest for sustainable urbanism. Journal of Urban Development, 40(2):101-112.
Sun, J., & Ongsomwang, S. (2023). Optimal parameters of random forest for land cover classification with suitable data type and dataset on Google Earth Engine. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11:1188093. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1188093
Thaman, R. R. (1995). Urban food gardening in the Pacific Islands: A basis for food security in rapidly urbanising small-island states. Habitat International, 19(2):209-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(94)00067-C
UNESCO. (2023). Cultural Landscapes and Urban Sustainability. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Yaghoubi, J., & Hamidi, K. (2015). Modeling the consequences of the development of the city garden using the basic theory studied: Zanjan city. Journal of Geography and Development, 44(2):106-189. https://doi.org/10.22111/gdij.2016.2722
Zanjan Province Agricultural Jahad Organization. (2023). Zanjan Agricultural Data. Agricultural Research and Technology Center.
Zerbian, T., & Romero, E. L. (2021). The Role of Cities in Good Governance for Food Security: Lessons from Madrid’s Urban Food Strategy. Economic Research Service Press. Available from: chrome extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint /29976/8/The%20role%20of%20cities%20in%20good%20governance%20for%20food%20security%20lessons%20from%20Madrid%20s%20 urban%20food%20strategy.pdf. [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 17].
Zezza, A., & Tasciotti, L. (2010). Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: Empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries. Food Policy, 35:265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.007
Zhang, Y., Smith, J. P., Tong, D., & Turner, II, B. L. (2022). Optimizing the co-benefits of food desert and urban heat mitigation through community garden planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 226(5):104118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104488