Thyroid diseases along with diabetes mellitus are among the most common endocrinopathies worldwide. Thyroid cancer is still the most common malignancy of the endocrine system with the fastest-growing incidence, particularly in women. Over the last two decades, the epidemiology, clinical presentation, strategies for diagnosis, and approaches to treatment have changed. We observe milestones in the field of molecular genetic research. This special issue is a review of the latest achievements in the treatment of thyroid disorders: from mechanism to therapeutic approaches.