Inflammation is considered a driving force behind many chronic diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Recently, cancer neuroscience has emerged as a new discipline focused on identifying and therapeutically targeting the interactions between the nervous system and cancer cells, both in the tumor microenvironment and at the systemic level.  Inflammatory mediators exert a central role in this interplay, as their ability to quench and prevent inflammation can greatly benefit both cancer and neurological pathologies. The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the most recent advances in the biochemical approach to neuroinflammation. This Special Issue will collect studies that cover the investigation of cellular targets and signaling pathway mediators of neuroinflammation, the characterization of new anti-inflammatory agents, and novel approaches that can challenge and defeat the chronic inflammatory stimulation that leads to neurodegeneration. Of particular interest is the discovery and analysis of the neuroprotective effects of natural compounds and nutraceuticals against toxic insults and their antitumor activities through the modulation of genes responsible for neuroinflammation.