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REVIEW ARTICLE

Traditional Chinese medicine at the interface of gut inflammation and cancer: Mechanisms, applications, and global health perspectives

Di Wang1 ,  Fengjie Guo2*
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1 Department of Oncology, Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi, Hunan, China
2 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
EJMO, 025520549 https://doi.org/10.36922/EJMO025520549
Received: 28 December 2025 | Revised: 13 February 2026 | Accepted: 28 February 2026 | Published online: 10 April 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The progression from chronic gastrointestinal inflammation to malignancy represents a critical clinical and public health challenge worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its holistic philosophy and extensive pharmacopeia, offers multifaceted interventions that target the complex pathophysiology of the inflammation-cancer continuum. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the molecular mechanisms by which TCM formulations and their bioactive components modulate key pathways—including macrophage-related signaling (colony-stimulating factor 1/Src), inflammatory cascades (toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB/nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing peptide 3), tissue regeneration (Wnt/β-catenin, Yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif), and the gut microbiome—to exert anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and anti-neoplastic effects. We further distinguish causal processes from associative correlations in these mechanistic regulations through experimental designs, such as germ-free mouse models, genetic knockout/overexpression systems, and temporal sequence assays. We examine translational applications, highlighting clinical studies and real world evidence that demonstrate the efficacy of TCM in managing conditions, such as ulcerative colitis and mitigating cancer therapy-related toxicities, and adopt the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to evaluate the quality of clinical evidence to avoid overinterpretation of low-quality data. By exploring the integration of TCM with modern medical practices, this article underscores its potential role in global health strategies, particularly in enhancing therapeutic equity and providing cost-effective solutions within diverse healthcare systems. We argue that a convergence of rigorous science and traditional wisdom, supported by robust quality control and safety monitoring, is essential for developing novel, integrative approaches to prevent and treat inflammation-associated cancers.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Traditional Chinese medicine
Gut inflammation
Colitis-associated cancer
Gut microbiome
Anti-inflammation
Adjuvant therapy
Integrative oncology
Health equity
Funding
This work was supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project (2025JJ81123).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, Electronic ISSN: 2587-196X Print ISSN: 2587-2400, Published by AccScience Publishing
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