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REVIEW ARTICLE

Advancements in functional near-infrared spectroscopy applications for prefrontal cortex dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders

Yanan Wang1,2,3† ,  Xiaofei Niu4† ,  Yang Li1,2,3 ,  Xiaoyun Liu1,2* ,  Xin Guo1,2,3*
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1 Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
2 Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
3 Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
4 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanghua Municipal People’s Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
EJMO, 025190179 https://doi.org/10.36922/EJMO025190179
Received: 8 May 2025 | Revised: 19 June 2025 | Accepted: 4 July 2025 | Published online: 1 August 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Many neuropsychiatric disorders arise from impairments in complex higher-order cognitive functions. However, current clinical diagnosis and treatment approaches still rely heavily on subjective rating scales, lacking objective, quantifiable, and reproducible assessment tools. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), as a central hub for executive function, attentional control, and emotional regulation, has been closely linked to a range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. This positions the PFC as a promising target for early diagnosis, mechanistic studies, and treatment evaluation. In recent years, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has gained rapid traction in psychiatric neuroimaging research due to its non-invasiveness, high temporal resolution, portability, and cost-effectiveness. Empirical studies have demonstrated that fNIRS can detect reduced prefrontal activation in patients with depression, distinguish activation patterns among different disorders, and assist in evaluating the effects of neuromodulatory interventions such as transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, and neurofeedback training. Moreover, fNIRS-derived hemodynamic indicators often correlate with symptom severity. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the application of fNIRS in PFC dysfunction-related neuropsychiatric disorders, focusing on activation characteristics, task paradigms, potential biomarkers, and integration with other imaging modalities. The review also discusses the diagnostic and prognostic potential of fNIRS, its current technical limitations, and future directions, aiming to support its clinical translation in the field of psychiatry.

Keywords
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Prefrontal cortex
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Advanced cognitive function
Clinical diagnosis
Treatment efficacy evaluation
Funding
This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 82301458), the Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. H2024206372), the Hebei Province Government-funded Excellent Talents Project in Clinical Medicine (No. ZF2024147), the Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Province (No. 20230984 and 20240529), and the Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province (No. 2023065), the “Spark” scientific research project of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University (No. XH202314).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.
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Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, Electronic ISSN: 2587-196X Print ISSN: 2587-2400, Published by AccScience Publishing
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