Cyber Mania Secondary to Internet Addiction: A brief review on co-occurrence of Behavioral Addiction and Bipolar Disorder-Dual Diagnosis
The Internet is a widely accessible interactive medium. Statistics show significant growing Internet usage in the United States (US) from 2005 to 2018. In the most recently reported year, over 300 million internet users accessed the web from the US, and worldwide 3.17 billion. Undoubtedly the Internet has become an essential educational, recreational and communication tool; however, its excessive use may lead to negative impacts on individual psychological well-being, family relationships, emotional stability, and daily life functions. This phenomenon is defined as Internet Addiction (IA) or Problematic Internet Use and is considered to be a type of behavioral addiction. IA is an emergent disorder which poses a serious clinical threat. Surveys in the US and Europe have suggested the prevalence rate of IA between 1.5%- 8.2%; some have suggested that 1 in 8 Americans suffer from IA. The figures are even higher in countries like in Korea and Taiwan, where the prevalence of IA has been reported to be greater than 31%. The principal objective of this paper is to explore the association of Cyber Disorders, e.g. Internet Addiction and psychiatric co-morbidities like mood disorders, substance abuse, ADHD, anxiety, social phobia, exemplified by this case report of bipolar disorder.
1.Number of internet users 2005-2018 | Statistic. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/273018/number-ofinternet-users-worldwide/
2. Shaw M, Black DW. Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs 2008; 22: 353–365. [CrossRef]
3. Weinstein, Aviv, and Michel Lejoyeux. "Internet addiction or excessive internet use." The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse 36.5 (2010): 277-283. [CrossRef]
4. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
5. Ho, R. C., Zhang, M. W., Tsang, T. Y., Toh, A. H., Pan, F., Lu, Y., ... & Watanabe, H. (2014). The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: a meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1. Chicago. [CrossRef]
6. Karim R, Chaudhri P (2012) Behavioral addictions: an overview. J Psychoact Drugs 44:5–17. [CrossRef]
7. Carli V, Durkee T, Wasserman D, Hadlaczky G, Despalins R, Kramarz E, Wasserman C, Sarchiapone M, Hoven CW, Brunner R, Kaess M: The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology. 2011, 46 (1): 1-13. [CrossRef]
8. Bozkurt, H., Coskun, M., Ayaydin, H., Adak, İ. and Zoroglu, S. S. (2013), Prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in referred adolescents with Internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67: 352–359. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12065
9. Lin, I. H., Ko, C. H., Chang, Y. P., Liu, T. L., Wang, P. W., Lin, H. C., ... & Yen, C. F. (2014). The association between suicidality and internet addiction and activities in Taiwanese adolescents. Comprehensive psychiatry, 55(3), 504-510. [CrossRef]
10. Kim, B., Chang, S., Park, J., Seong, S., Won, S. and Cho, M. (2016). Prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicidality in a community population with problematic Internet use. Psychiatry Research, 244, pp.249-256. [CrossRef]
11. Bernardi S, Pallanti S. Internet addiction: a descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50: 510-516. [CrossRef]
12. Varo, C., Murru, A., Salagre, E., Jiménez, E., Solé, B., Montejo, L., Carvalho, A., Stubbs, B., Grande, I., Martínez-Arán, A., Vieta, E. and Reinares, M. (2019). Behavioral addictions in bipolar disorders: A systematic review. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(1), pp.76-97. [CrossRef]
13. Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE et al (2000) Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. J Affect Disord 57:267–272. [CrossRef]
14. Wolfling K, Beutel ME, Dreier M, Muller KW. Bipolar spectrum disorders in a clinical sample of patients with Internet addiction: hidden comorbidity or differential diagnosis? J Behav Addict 2015; 4: 101-105. [CrossRef]
15. Sevelko, K., Bischof, G., Bischof, A., Besser, B., John, U., Meyer, C. and Rumpf, H. (2018). The role of self-esteem in Internet addiction within the context of comorbid mental disorders: Findings from a general population-based sample. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), pp.976-984. [CrossRef]
16. Farahani, M., Alavi, S. S., Mirzamani Bafghi, M., Esmaili Alamuti, S., Taghavi, Z., & Mohammadi, M. (2018). Psychological Factors Including Demographic Features, Mental Illnesses, and Personality Disorders as Predictors in Internet Addiction Disorder. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 13(2), 103–110.
17. Clarke, R. (2011). Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions.