AccScience Publishing / CP / Online First /
Submit to CP
Cite this article
197
Download
1418
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW

Transglutaminase 2: A keystone in the molecular puzzle of cancer

Tasbir Amin1 ,  Kazi Rahman2 ,  Md Fakruddin1 ,  Islam S M Bakhtiar UL1*
Show Less
1 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States of America
CP 2023, 5(2), 2495
Submitted: 28 February 2023 | Accepted: 4 May 2023 | Published: 25 May 2023
© 2023 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

Transglutaminase-2 (TG2), an enzyme also referred to as tissue transglutaminase, is ubiquitously present in a wide range of tissues, cell types, and subcellular compartments. Extensive research has demonstrated its involvement in both physiological cellular processes and pathological conditions. Studies investigating the diverse range of actions and multitude of targets associated with TG2 have significantly contributed to the understanding of its role in various types of cancer. This association is established through its interaction with pathways implicated in the initiation, progression, and ultimate spread of tumors. Furthermore, recent findings indicate that TG2 has a role in modifying the biomechanical milieu and signaling inside the tumor microenvironment, alongside mediating cancer cell behavior and intracellular signaling. In this review, we aim to elucidate the existing understanding of TG2’s involvement in cancer, with a specific emphasis on its functions in translating external signals into the initiation of oncogenic processes. Enhanced comprehension of these pathways may potentially pave the way for novel treatment approaches aimed at modulating this versatile protein.

Keywords
Tissue transglutaminase
Transglutaminase 2
Cancer
Tumor microenvironment
Tumor progression
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
  1. Tempest R, Guarnerio S, Maani R, Cooper J, Peake N. The biological and biomechanical role of transglutaminase-2 in the tumour microenvironment. Cancers. 2021;13(11):2788. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112788

 

  1. Király R, Demény M, Fésüs L. Protein transamidation by transglutaminase 2 in cells: A disputed Ca2+- dependent action of a multifunctional protein. FEBS J. 2011;278(24):4717-4739. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08345.x

 

  1. Derynck R, Zhang YE. Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling. Nature. 2003;425(6958):577-584. doi: 10.1038/nature02006

 

  1. Shao M, Cao L, Shen C, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ovarian tumor progression induced by tissue transglutaminase. Cancer Res. 2009;69(24):9192-9201. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1257

 

  1. Verma A, Wang H, Manavathi B, et al. Increased expression of tissue transglutaminase in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its implications in drug resistance and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2006;66(21):10525-10533. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2387

 

  1. Martinet N, Bonnard L, Regnault V, et al. In vivo transglutaminase type 1 expression in normal lung, preinvasive bronchial lesions, and lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;28(4):428-435. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0114oc

 

  1. Grigoriev MY, Suspitsin EN, Togo AV, et al. Tissue transglutaminase expression in breast carcinomas. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2001;20(2):265-268.

 

  1. Condello S, Cao L, Matei D. Tissue transglutaminase regulates β-catenin signaling through a c-Src-dependent mechanism. FASEB J. 2013;27(8):3100-3112. doi: 10.1096/fj.12-222620

 

  1. Cao L, Petrusca DN, Satpathy M, Nakshatri H, Petrache I, Matei D. Tissue transglutaminase protects epithelial ovarian cancer cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis by promoting cell survival signaling. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29(10): 1893-1900. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgn158

 

  1. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100(1):57-70. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81683-9

 

  1. Eckert RL. Transglutaminase 2 takes center stage as a cancer cell survival factor and therapy target. Mol Carcinog. 2019;58(6):837-853. doi: 10.1002/mc.22986

 

  1. Wang X, Yu Z, Zhou Q, et al. Tissue transglutaminase-2 promotes gastric cancer progression via the ERK1/2 pathway. Oncotarget. 2016;7(6):7066-7079. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6883

 

  1. Rossin F, Costa R, Bordi M, et al. Transglutaminase type 2 regulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vertebrates. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(3):249. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03485-2

 

  1. Frese-Schaper M, Schardt JA, Sakai T, Carboni GL, Schmid RA, Frese S. Inhibition of tissue transglutaminase sensitizes TRAIL-resistant lung cancer cells through upregulation of death receptor 5. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(13):2867-2871. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.072

 

  1. Mishra S, Murphy L. The p53 oncoprotein is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase kinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;339(2):726-730. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.071

 

  1. Lee SH, Kang J, Ha JS, et al. Transglutaminase 2-mediated p53 depletion promotes angiogenesis by increasing HIF- 1α-p300 binding in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14):5042. doi: 10.3390/ijms21145042

 

  1. Kumar A, Gao H, Xu J, Reuben J, Yu D, Mehta K. Evidence that aberrant expression of tissue transglutaminase promotes stem cell characteristics in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020701

 

  1. Antonyak MA, Li B, Regan AD, Feng Q, Dusaban SS, Cerione RA. Tissue transglutaminase is an essential participant in the epidermal growth factor-stimulated signaling pathway leading to cancer cell migration and invasion. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(27):17914-17925. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.013037

 

  1. Fu J, Yang Q, Sai K, et al. TGM2 inhibition attenuates ID1 expression in CD44-high glioma-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15(10):1353-1365. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/not079

 

  1. Burkhart DL, Sage J. Cellular mechanisms of tumour suppression by the retinoblastoma gene. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(9):671-682. doi: 10.1038/nrc2399

 

  1. Boehm JE, Singh U, Combs C, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Tissue transglutaminase protects against apoptosis by modifying the tumor suppressor protein p110 Rb. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(23):20127-20130. doi: 10.1074/jbc.c200147200

 

  1. Oliverio S, Amendola A, Di Sano F, et al. Tissue transglutaminase-dependent posttranslational modification of the retinoblastoma gene product in promonocytic cells undergoing apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 1997;17(10):6040-6048. doi: 10.1128/mcb.17.10.6040

 

  1. Yousefnia S, Forootan FS, Forootan SS, Esfahani MH, Gure AO, Ghaedi K. Mechanistic pathways of malignancy in breast cancer stem cells. Front Oncol. 2020;10:452. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00452

 

  1. Huang YC, Wei KC, Chang CN, et al. Transglutaminase 2 expression is increased as a function of malignancy grade and negatively regulates cell growth in meningioma. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108228. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108228

 

  1. Liu T, Tee AE, Porro A, et al. Activation of tissue transglutaminase transcription by histone deacetylase inhibition as a therapeutic approach for Myc oncogenesis. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(47):18682-18687. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705524104

 

  1. Huang L, Xu AM, Liu W. Transglutaminase 2 in cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2015;5(9):2756-2776.

 

  1. Tabolacci C, De Martino A, Mischiati C, Feriotto G, Beninati S. The role of tissue transglutaminase in cancer cell initiation, survival and progression. Med Sci (Basel). 2019;7(2):19. doi: 10.3390/medsci7020019

 

  1. Mangala LS, Fok JY, Zorrilla-Calancha IR, Verma A, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase expression promotes cell attachment, invasion and survival in breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 2006;26(17):2459-2470. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210035

 

  1. Choi CM, Jang SJ, Park SY, et al. Transglutaminase 2 as an independent prognostic marker for survival of patients with non-adenocarcinoma subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer. 2011;10(1):119. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-119

 

  1. Kumar A, Hu J, LaVoie HA, Walsh KB, DiPette DJ, Singh US. Conformational changes and translocation of tissue-transglutaminase to the plasma membranes: Role in cancer cell migration. BMC Cancer. 2014;14(1):256. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-256

 

  1. Belkin AM, Akimov SA, Zaritskaya LS, Ratnikov BI, Deryugina EI, Strongin AY. Matrix-dependent proteolysis of surface transglutaminase by membrane-type metalloproteinase regulates cancer cell adhesion and locomotion. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(21):18415-18422. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m010135200

 

  1. Stephens P, Grenard P, Aeschlimann P, et al. Crosslinking and G-protein functions of transglutaminase 2 contribute differentially to fibroblast wound healing responses. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(15):3389-3403. doi: 10.1242/jcs.01188

 

  1. Mangala LS, Arun B, Sahin AA, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase-induced alterations in extracellular matrix inhibit tumor invasion. Mol Cancer. 2005;4(1):33. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-33

 

  1. Chhabra A, Verma A, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase promotes or suppresses tumors depending on cell context. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(6):1909-19.

 

  1. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646-674. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013

 

  1. Su T, Qin X, Furutani Y. Transglutaminase 2 as a marker for inflammation and therapeutic target in sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(4):1897. doi: 10.3390/ijms22041897

 

  1. Klöck C, DiRaimondo TR, Khosla C. Role of transglutaminase 2 in celiac disease pathogenesis. Semin Immunopathol. 2012;34(4):513-522. doi: 10.1007/s00281-012-0305-0

 

  1. Maiuri L, Luciani A, Giardino I, et al. Tissue transglutaminase activation modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis via PPARgamma down-regulation. J Immunol. 2008;180(11):7697-7705. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7697

 

  1. Johnson TS, Fisher M, Haylor JL, et al. Transglutaminase inhibition reduces fibrosis and preserves function in experimental chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(12):3078-3088. doi: 10.1681/asn.2006070690

 

  1. Bijli KM, Kanter BG, Minhajuddin M, et al. Regulation of endothelial cell inflammation and lung polymorphonuclear lymphocyte infiltration by transglutaminase 2. Shock. 2014;42(6):562-569. doi: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000242

 

  1. Mirza AA, Liu SL, Frizell E, et al. A role for tissue transglutaminase in hepatic injury and fibrogenesis, and its regulation by NF-kappaB. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(2):G281-G288. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.2.g281

 

  1. Oh K, Moon HG, Lee DS, Yoo YB. Tissue transglutaminase-interleukin-6 axis facilitates peritoneal tumor spreading and metastasis of human ovarian cancer cells. Lab Anim Res. 2015;31(4):188-197. doi: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.4.188

 

  1. Bharti R, Dey G, Mandal M. Cancer development, chemoresistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stem cells: A snapshot of IL-6 mediated involvement. Cancer Lett. 2016;375(1):51-61. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.048

 

  1. Oh K, Lee OY, Park Y, Seo MW, Lee DS. IL-1β induces IL-6 production and increases invasiveness and estrogen-independent growth in a TG2-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2016;16(1):724. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2746-7

 

  1. Gonzalez H, Hagerling C, Werb Z. Roles of the immune system in cancer: From tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev. 2018;32(19-20):1267-1284. doi: 10.1101/gad.314617.118

 

  1. Nielsen SR, Schmid MC. Macrophages as key drivers of cancer progression and metastasis. Mediat Inflamm. 2017;2017:9624760. doi: 10.1155/2017/9624760

 

  1. Van Strien ME, De Vries HE, Chrobok NL, et al. Tissue transglutaminase contributes to experimental multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and clinical outcome by promoting macrophage migration. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;50: 141-154. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.023

 

  1. Najafi M, Goradel NH, Farhood B, et al. Macrophage polarity in cancer: A review. J Cell Biochem. 2018;120(3):2756-2765. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27646

 

  1. Liguori M, Solinas G, Germano G, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages as incessant builders and destroyers of the cancer stroma. Cancers (Basel). 2011;3(4):3740-3761. doi: 10.3390/cancers3043740

 

  1. Quaranta V, Rainer C, Nielsen SR, et al. Macrophage-derived granulin drives resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78(15):4253-4269. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3876

 

  1. Samson N, Ablasser A. The cGAS-STING pathway and cancer. Nat Cancer. 2022;3(12):1452-1463. doi: 10.1038/s43018-022-00468-w

 

  1. Occhigrossi L, Rossin F, D’Eletto M, et al. Transglutaminase 2 regulates innate immunity by modulating the STING/ TBK1/IRF3 Axis. J Immunol. 2021;206(10):2420-2429. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001122

 

  1. Sima LE, Matei D, Condello S. The outside-in journey of tissue transglutaminase in cancer. Cells. 2022;11(11):1779. doi: 10.3390/cells11111779

 

  1. Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2012;294:1-97. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x

 

  1. Baeriswyl V, Christofori G. The angiogenic switch in carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol. 2009;19(5):329-337. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.05.003

 

  1. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis. Nature. 2011;473(7347): 298-307. doi: 10.1038/nature10144

 

  1. Jones RA, Kotsakis P, Johnson TS, et al. Matrix changes induced by transglutaminase 2 lead to inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell Death Differ. 2005;13(9):1442-1453. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401816

 

  1. Wang Z, Perez M, Caja S, et al. A novel extracellular role for tissue transglutaminase in matrix-bound VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4(9):e808. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.318

 

  1. Lei Z, Chai N, Tian M, et al. Novel peptide GX1 inhibits angiogenesis by specifically binding to transglutaminase-2 in the tumorous endothelial cells of gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(6):579. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0594-x

 

  1. Stylianopoulos T, Martin JD, Chauhan VP, et al. Causes, consequences, and remedies for growth-induced solid stress in murine and human tumors. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(38):15101-15108. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1213353109

 

  1. Spurlin TA, Bhadriraju K, Chung KH, Tona A, Plant AL. Vascular smooth muscle cell response to transglutaminase 2 cross-linked collagen fibril thin films. Biophys J. 2009;96(3):297a. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1476

 

  1. Steppan J, Bergman Y, Viegas K, et al. Tissue transglutaminase modulates vascular stiffness and function through crosslinking-dependent and crosslinking-independent functions. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2):e004161. doi: 10.1161/jaha.116.004161

 

  1. Verma A, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase-mediated chemoresistance in cancer cells. Drug Resist Update. 2007;10(4-5):144-151. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2007.06.002

 

  1. Kalluri R. EMT: When epithelial cells decide to become mesenchymal-like cells. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(6): 1417-1419. doi: 10.1172/jci39675

 

  1. Shostak K, Chariot A. NF-κB, stem cells and breast cancer: The links get stronger. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13(4):214. doi: 10.1186/bcr2886

 

  1. Ghanta KS, Pakala SB, Reddy SD, Li DQ, Nair SS, Kumar R. MTA1 coregulation of transglutaminase 2 expression and function during inflammatory response. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(9):7132-7138. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.199273

 

  1. Kumar S, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase constitutively activates HIF-1α promoter and nuclear factor-κB via a non-canonical pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049321

 

  1. Kim DS, Park SS, Nam BH, Kim IH, Kim SY. Reversal of drug resistance in breast cancer cells by transglutaminase 2 inhibition and nuclear factor-kappaB inactivation. Cancer Res. 2006;66(22):10936-10943. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1521

 

  1. Adhikary G, Grun D, Kerr C, et al. Identification of a population of epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cells with enhanced potential for tumor formation. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084324

 

  1. Fisher ML, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kerr C, Keillor JW, Eckert RL. Type II transglutaminase stimulates epidermal cancer stem cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget. 2015;6(24):20525-20539. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.3890

 

  1. Caron NS, Munsie LN, Keillor JW, Truant R. Using FLIM-FRET to measure conformational changes of transglutaminase type 2 in live cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e44159. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044159

 

  1. Van Roy F, Berx G. The cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008;65(23):3756-3788. doi: 10.1007/s00018-008-8281-1

 

  1. Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, et al. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(2):383-417. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013

 

  1. Colak G, Keillor JW, Johnson GV. Cytosolic guanine nucledotide binding deficient form of transglutaminase 2 (R580a) potentiates cell death in oxygen glucose deprivation. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16665. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016665

 

  1. Poligone B, Hayden MS, Chen L, Pentland AP, Jimi E, Ghosh S. A role for NF-κB activity in skin hyperplasia and the development of keratoacanthomata in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71887. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071887

 

  1. Dajee M, Lazarov M, Zhang JY, et al. NF-kappaB blockade and oncogenic Ras trigger invasive human epidermal neoplasia. Nature. 2003;421(6923):639-643. doi: 10.1038/nature01283

 

  1. He K, Gan WJ. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 2023;15:435-448. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S411168

 

  1. Agnihotri N, Kumar S, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase as a central mediator in inflammation-induced progression of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2013;15(1):202. doi: 10.1186/bcr3371

 

  1. Verderio EA, Telci D, Okoye A, Melino G, Griffin M. A novel RGD-independent cell adhesion pathway mediated by fibronectin-bound tissue transglutaminase rescues cells from anoikis. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(43):42604-42614. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m303303200
  2. Mehta K, Kumar A, Kim HI. Transglutaminase 2: A multi-tasking protein in the complex circuitry of inflammation and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;80(12):1921-1929. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.029

 

  1. Li Z, Xu X, Bai L, Chen W, Lin Y. Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated tissue transglutaminase overexpression couples acquired tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance and migration through c-FLIP and MMP-9 proteins in lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(24):21164-21172. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.207571

 

  1. Park KS, Kim HK, Lee JH, et al. Transglutaminase 2 as a cisplatin resistance marker in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136(4):493-502. doi: 10.1007/s00432-009-0681-6

 

  1. Martins FC, Teixeira F, Reis I, Geraldes N, Cabrita AM, Dias MF. Increased transglutaminase 2 and GLUT-1 expression in breast tumors not susceptible to chemoprevention with antioxidants. Tumori. 2009;95(2):227-232. doi: 10.1177/030089160909500215

 

  1. Mehta K, Fok J, Miller FR, Koul D, Sahin AA. Prognostic significance of tissue transglutaminase in drug resistant and metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(23): 8068-8076. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1107

 

  1. Wakshlag JJ, McNeill CJ, Antonyak MA, et al. Expression and activity of transglutaminase II in spontaneous tumours of dogs and cats. J Comp Pathol. 2006;134(2-3):202-210. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.11.001

 

  1. Kim DS, Park KS, Kim SY. Silencing of TGase 2 sensitizes breast cancer cells to apoptosis by regulation of survival factors. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009;14:2514. doi: 10.2741/3394

 

  1. Antonyak MA, Miller AM, Jansen JM, et al. Augmentation of tissue transglutaminase expression and activation by epidermal growth factor inhibit doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(40):41461-41467. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m404976200

 

  1. Lu Y, Holmes TC, Watts RE, et al. Novel chemo-sensitizing agent, ERW1227B, impairs cellular motility and enhances cell death in glioblastomas. J Neurooncol. 2010;103(2): 207-219. doi: 10.1007/s11060-010-0379-2

 

  1. Herman JF, Mangala LS, Mehta K. Implications of increased tissue transglutaminase (TG2) expression in drug-resistant breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Oncogene. 2006;25(21): 3049-3058. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209324

 

  1. Fok JY, Ekmekcioglu S, Mehta K. Implications of tissue transglutaminase expression in malignant melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(6):1493-1503. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0083

 

  1. Park SS, Kim DS, Park KS, Song HJ, Kim SY. Proteomic analysis of high-molecular-weight protein polymers in a doxorubicin-resistant breast-cancer cell line. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2007;1(6):555-560. doi: 10.1002/prca.200700122

 

  1. Kumar A, Xu J, Brady S, et al. Tissue transglutaminase promotes drug resistance and invasion by inducing mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2010;5(10):e13390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013390

 

  1. Erdem S, Yegen G, Telci D, et al. The increased transglutaminase 2 expression levels during initial tumorigenesis predict increased risk of metastasis and decreased disease-free and cancer-specific survivals in renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol. 2014;33(10):1553-1560. doi: 10.1007/s00345-014-1462-7

 

  1. Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Mimori K, et al. TGM2 is a novel marker for prognosis and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;17(4):967-972. doi: 10.1245/s10434-009-0865-y

 

  1. Verma A, Guha S, Wang H, et al. Tissue transglutaminase regulates focal adhesion kinase/AKT activation by modulating PTEN expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(7):1997-2005. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1533

 

  1. Jin T, Lin H, Lin H, et al. Expression TGM2 and BNIP3 have prognostic significance in laryngeal cancer patients receiving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy: A retrospective study. J Transl Med. 2012;10(1):64. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-64

 

  1. Jeong JH, Cho BC, Shim HS, et al. Transglutaminase 2 expression predicts progression free survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(7):1005-1005. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.7.1005

 

  1. Oh K, Ko E, Kim HS, et al. Transglutaminase 2 facilitates the distant hematogenous metastasis of breast cancer by modulating interleukin-6 in cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13(5):R96. doi: 10.1186/bcr3034

 

  1. Assi J, Srivastava G, Matta A, Chang MC, Walfish PG, Ralhan R. Transglutaminase 2 Overexpression in tumor stroma identifies invasive ductal carcinomas of breast at high risk of recurrence. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74437. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074437

 

  1. Kyparidou E, Athanasiadis A, Xydakis E, Papadakou M, Panagos G. Correlation of tissue transglutaminase expression on breast cancer tissue with time to relapse, overall survival, and clinical and molecular prognostic factors: A preliminary report. J BUON. 2005;10(1):81-87.

 

  1. Jang YJ, Kim SY, Jung HK, et al. Association of EGFR mutations in second primary lung cancer and HER2 expression in breast cancer survivors. Transl Cancer Res. 2021;10(12):5204-5211. doi: 10.21037/tcr-21-1235

 

  1. Hsu JL, Hung MC. The role of HER2, EGFR, and other receptor tyrosine kinases in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2016;35(4):575-588. doi: 10.1007/s10555-016-9649-6

 

  1. Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Simultaneously targeting tissue transglutaminase and kidney type glutaminase sensitizes cancer cells to acid toxicity and offers new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Mol Pharm. 2014;12(1):46-55. doi: 10.1021/mp500405h

 

  1. Park MK, Jo SH, Lee HJ, et al. Novel suppressive effects of cardamonin on the activity and expression of transglutaminase-2 lead to blocking the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Life Sci. 2013;92(2):154-160. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.11.009

 

  1. Yang LL, Liang CY, Lu TC, et al. Role of tissue transglutaminase and effect of cantharidinate in human colorectal cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2013;8(6):1812-1816. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1706

 

  1. Lee SH, Kim N, Kim SJ, Song J, Gong YD, Kim SY. Anti-cancer effect of a quinoxaline derivative GK13 as a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139(8):1279-1294. doi: 10.1007/s00432-013-1433-1

 

  1. Khanna M, Chelladurai B, Gavini A, et al. Targeting ovarian tumor cell adhesion mediated by tissue transglutaminase. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011;10(4):626-636. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0912

 

  1. Bae J, Lee YS, Jeoung D. Down-regulation of transglutaminase II leads to impaired motility of cancer cells by inactivation of the protein kinase, Akt, and decrease of reactive oxygen species. Biotechnol Lett. 2006;28(15):1151-1158. doi: 10.1007/s10529-006-9079-6
Share
Back to top
Cancer Plus, Electronic ISSN: 2661-3840 Print ISSN: 2661-3832, Published by AccScience Publishing
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept