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REVIEW ARTICLE

Health impacts and detection challenges of human exposure to microplastics

Vishal Bodke1 ,  Bharat Tekade2 ,  Akash Mali3*
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1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul Dharkar College of Pharmacy and Research Institute, Karjat, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, H K College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
CP 2024, 6(4), 4954
Submitted: 25 September 2024 | Accepted: 17 December 2024 | Published: 9 January 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The widespread use of plastic has led to growing concerns about the release and impact of microplastics and nanoplastics (MPNPs) on both the environment and human health. The surge in plastic production during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the potential for human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. MPNPs pose significant health risks due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, primarily through DNA damage and the adsorption of toxic contaminants. Their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio increase their reactivity with biological tissues. Despite these potential hazards, limited technologies are currently available for detecting MPNPs in humans. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MPNPs, focusing on their origins, chemical compositions, and the mechanisms by which they contribute to carcinogenesis. In addition, it explores various types of cancers linked to microplastic exposure and outlines current methodologies for detecting microplastics in human tissues.

Keywords
Microplastic
Nanoplastic
Health
Risk
Toxicity
Cancer
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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