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REVIEW ARTICLE

Depression and anxiety levels in patients with hypertension and relationship with blood pressure control: A review of study design for psychiatric intervention protocol

Georgia Balta1 ,  Dimitris Konstantinidis1 ,  Dimitris Dikeos2 ,  Kostas Gatzoulis1 ,  Costas Tsioufis1 ,  Dimitris Tsiachris1*
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1 First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
2 First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Brain & Heart, 4923 https://doi.org/10.36922/bh.4923
Submitted: 24 September 2024 | Revised: 18 November 2024 | Accepted: 18 November 2024 | Published: 17 December 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Arterial hypertension, anxiety, and depression are common in Western and Eastern medicines, with each offering therapeutic instructions and proposals. Arterial hypertension has been identified as a harmful factor that causing cardiovascular diseases and increasing global mortality. Depression affects over 322 million people worldwide, with an overall incidence of 4.4%. In cases of hypertension, depression is observed in approximately 30% of patients when assessed using questionnaires and in approximately 21% when assessed psychiatrically. Anxiety and depression are risk factors for arterial hypertension. On the contrary, hypertension has been considered to cause anxiety and depressive symptoms. This could be attributed to the direct effects of high blood pressure (BP), side effects of antihypertensive drugs, or psychological reactions to the diagnosis of hypertension. An unhealthy lifestyle increases stress and BP levels. Therefore, controlling stress is a complementary therapy for hypertension. In this context, this study presents a protocol aimed at evaluating stress/depression levels as well as the quality of life in patients with hypertension and examining their correlation with BP control and target organ damage. In addition, we will assess the effect of subsequent psychiatric interventions in hypertensive patients with increased levels of depression/stress on BP control, treatment compliance, and quality of life after a follow-up period of 1 year.

Keywords
Hypertension
Depression
Anxiety
Treatment
Psychiatry
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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