Study of Some Metals Speciation in Bida Municipal Wastes by Sequential Extraction
Sequential extraction was applied to determine the chemical association of some heavy metals in municipal waste in Bida. The results of the study show that competition for the binding phase occurs, and oxidisable fraction was found to be more accessible to heavy metal than all other solid phases. Among the five heavy metals studied in these wastes, the mean of the amount of Pb bound to oxidizable fraction was the highest (102 mg/kg) and the lowest was Cu bound to the residual fraction (4.59 mg/kg). Loading plots obtained from the results of principal components analysis show the data point for Fe and Sn bound to exchangeable fraction clustered. It was observed that the municipal waste was not highly contaminated, with most metal concentrations below the permissible levels for the application to agricultural land as regulated by the US EPA.
Ansari, T.M., Marr, I.L. and N. Tariq (2004). Heavy metals in marine pollution perspectiveA mini review. J. Applied Sci., 4(1): 1-20.
Bolt, G.H. and W.H. Van Riemisdijk (1987). Surface chemical process in soil. Wiley Interscience, New York, pp. 122-164.
Boughriet, A., Ouwdanc, B., Fiscer, J.C., Wartel, M. and G. Leman (1992). Variability of dissolved Mn and Zn in the seine estuary and chemical speciation of these metals in suspended matter. Water Res., (26): 1359-1378.
Calmano, W., Huang, J. and U. Forstner (1993). Binding and mobilization of heavy metals in contaminated sediments affected by pH and redox potential. Water Sci. Techno., 28: 223-235.
Cottenie, A. and M. Verloo (1984). Analytical diagnosis of soil pollution with heavy metals. Fresenius Z. Analyt. Chem., 317: 389-393.
D’Amore, J.J., Al-Abed, S.R., Scheckel, K.G. and J.A. Ryan (2005). Methods for speciation of metals in soils: A review. Environ. Qual., 34: 1707-1745.
Förstner, U. (1993). Metal speciationGeneral concepts and applications. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 51: 5-23.
Gambrel, R.P. (1994). Trace and toxic metals in wetland——A review. Journal of Environment Quality, 23: 883-891.
Gupta, S.K., Vollmer, M.K. and R. Krebs (1996). The importance of mobile, mobilisable and pseudo total heavy metal fractions in soil for three-level risk assessment and risk management. Sci. Tot. Envir., 178: 11-20.
Hickey, M.G. and J.A. Kittrick (1984). Chemical partitioning of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in soil and sediments containing high levels of heavy metals. J. Environ. Qual.,13: 372 -376.
Kuang-Chung, Y., Tsai, L., Chen, S. and S. Ho (2001). Correlation analyses on binding behavior of heavy metals with sediment matrices. Water Res., 35(10): 2417-2428.
Juan, G.M. and A.M. Sosa (1994). Trace metals in Valencia Lake (Venezuela) sediments. Water Air Soil Pollut., 67:141-150.
Nathalie, S., Preeda, P. and P. Chongrak (2000). Assessment of metal speciation evolution in sewage sludge dewatered in vertical flow reed beds using a sequential extraction scheme. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 12(3):97.
ParØ T., Dinel, H. and M. Schnitzer (1999). Extractibility of trace metals during co-composting of biosolids and municipal solid wastes. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 29: 31-37.
Qiao, L. and G. Ho (1997). The effects of clay amendment and composting on metal speciation in digested sludge. Wat. Res., 31: 951-964.
Rapin, F., Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and R. Carignan(1986). Potential artifacts in the determination of metal partitioning in sediments by a sequential extraction procedure. Environ. Sci. Technol., 20: 836-840.
Rauret, G., Rubio, R., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F. and E. Casassas(1989). Specific procedure for metal solid speciation in heavily polluted river sediments. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 35: 89-100.
Scheckel, K.G. and Ryan, J.A. (2004). Spectroscopic speciation and quansediments of Pb in phosphate amended soils. J. Environ. Qual., 33: 1288-1295.
Tack, F.M.G. and M.G. Verloo (1993). Leaching behaviour and solid phase fractionation of selected metals as affected by thermal treatment of a polluted sediment. Int. J. Envir. Anal. Chem., 51: 167-175.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. and M. Bisson (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem., 51: 844-851.
Tisdell, S.E. and V.T. Breslin (1995). Characterisation and leaching of elements from municipal solid waste compost.J.Envir. , 24: 827-833.
Tsai, L.J., Yu, K.C., Chang, J.S. and S.T. Ho (1998). Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Sediment Core from the
Ell-Ren River, Taiwan. Water Sci. Techno., 37: 217-224.
Walsh, M.J. (1995). Sludge handling and disposal An American perspective. Water Qual. Int., 2:0-23.