Water Quality Assessment with Varied Lake Depths by Using Multivariate Statistical Approach
Lakes depth is a most important component to evaluate the impacts on water quality scenarios. Present study discusses the impacts of depth on water quality by using multivariate statistical analysis. This well established phenomenon of correlation between lake depth and water is firstly proved by using multivariate statistical techniques. Depth of Rawal Lake was divided into three groups of surface, middle and bottom to analyze impacts between these stages on water quality. There were sixteen parameters (physico-chemical, bacteriological and metals) analyzed for which samples were collected and analyzed from a fresh water Rawal lake for four seasons in 2012- 2013. The statistical correlation was developed between the water quality parameters and between the layers, by using multivariate scatterplot, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. Results of these statistical techniques revealed a strong correlation (positive or negative) among most of the water quality parameters. Aluminum was found to be with medium variability and temperature at high variability in cluster analysis. Statistically significant correlation was found between the two dimensions of canonical discriminant functions with canonical correlation of 0.957 and 0.586. Therefore, these statistical analyses validated the high impact of depth on different water quality parameters.
Aftab, N. (2010). Haphazard colonies polluting Rawal Lake. Daily Times, Monday, March 01.
De Ceballos, B., König, A. and J. De Oliveira (1998). Dam reservoir eutrophication: A simplified technique for a fast diagnosis of environmental degradation. Water Research, 32: 3477-3483.
Ghumman, A.R. (2011). Assessment of water quality of Rawal Lake by long-time monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 180: 115-126.
Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez, J.M. and L. Fernandez (2000). Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Research, 34: 807-816.
Hussain, M., Ahmed, S.M. and W. Abderrahman (2008). Cluster analysis and quality assessment of logged water at an irrigation project, eastern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Management, 86: 297-307.
Iqbal, J., Shah, M.H. and G. Akhter (2013a). Characterization, source apportionment and health risk assessment of trace metals in freshwater Rawal Lake, Pakistan. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 125: 94-101.
Iqbal, J., Tirmizi, S.A. and M.H. Shah (2013b). Statistical apportionment and risk assessment of selected metals in sediments from Rawal Lake (Pakistan). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 729-743.
Jørgensen, S.E. (1976). A eutrophication model for a lake. Ecological Modelling, 2: 147-165.
Lambrakis, N., Antonakos, A. and G. Panagopoulos (2004). The use of multicomponent statistical analysis in hydrogeological environmental research. Water Research, 38: 1862-1872.
Lau, S. and S. Lane (2002). Biological and chemical factors influencing shallow lake eutrophication: Along-term study. Science of the Total Environment, 288: 167-181.
Miller, C.V., Denis, J.M., Ator, S.W. and J.W. Brakebill (1997). Nutrients in streams during baseflow in selected environmental settings of the Potomac River Basin. Wiley Online Library.
Momen, B., Zehr, J.P., Boylen, C.W. and J.W. Sutherland (1999). Determinants of summer nitrate concentration in a set of Adirondack lakes, New York. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 111: 19-28.
Panagopoulos, G., Antonakos, A. and N. Lambrakis (2006). Optimization of the DRASTIC method for groundwater vulnerability assessment via the use of simple statistical methods and GIS. Hydrogeology Journal, 14: 894-911.
Papatheodorou, G., Hotos, G., Geraga, M., Avramidou, D. and T. Vorinakis (2002a). Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of Klisova Lagoon (southeast Mesolonghi- Aetolikon Lagoon Complex), W. Greece. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 11: 951-956.
Papatheodorou, G., Lyberis, E. and G. Ferentinos (1999). Use of factor analysis to study the distribution of metalliferous bauxitic tailings in the seabed of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Natural Resources Research, 8: 277-286.
Papatheodorou, G., Mitsis, C., Christodoulou, D. and G. Ferentinos (2002b). A multivariate statistical approach to the investigation of pockmarks growth and activity. An example from a pockmark field in the Gulf of Patras (W Greece). Proceedimgs of the Eighth Annual Conference of the IAMG, 2002.
Perona, E., Bonilla, I. and P. Mateo (1999). Spatial and temporal changes in water quality in a Spanish river. Science of the Total Environment, 241: 75-90.
Recknagel, F., French, M., Harkonen, P. and K.-I. Yabunaka (1997). Artificial neural network approach for modelling and prediction of algal blooms. Ecological Modelling, 96: 11-28.
Reisenhofer, E., Picciotto, A. and D. Li (1995). A factor analysis approach to the study of the eutrophication of a shallow, temperate lake (San Daniele, North Eastern Italy). Analytica Chimica Acta, 306: 99-106.
Simeonov, V., Stratis, J., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis,A., Sofoniou, M. and T. Kouimtzis (2003). Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Research, 37: 4119-4124.
St Seymour, K., Christanis, K., Bouzinos, A., Papazisimou, S., Papatheodorou, G., Moran, E. and G. Dénès (2004). Tephrostratigraphy and tephrochronology in the Philippi peat basin, Macedonia, Northern Hellas (Greece) . Quaternary International, 121: 53-65.
Suk, H. and K.K. Lee (1999). Characterization of a ground water hydrochemical system through multivariate analysis: Clustering into ground water zones. Groundwater, 37: 358-366.
Tan, C.O. and M. Beklioglu (2005). Catastrophic-like shifts in shallow Turkish lakes: A modeling approach. Ecological Modelling, 183: 425-434.
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. and L. Debán (1998). Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Research, 32: 3581-3592.
Vengosh, A. and R. Keren (1996). Chemical modifications of groundwater contaminated by recharge of treated sewage effluent. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 23: 347-360.
Voudouris, K., Lambrakis, N., Papatheothorou, G. and P. Daskalaki (1997). An application of factor analysis for the study of the hydrogeological conditions in Plio-Pleistocene aquifers of NW Achaia (NW Peloponnesus, Greece). Mathematical Geology, 29: 43-59.
Yu, S., Shang, J., Zhao, J. and H. Guo (2003). Factor analysis and dynamics of water quality of the Songhua River, Northeast China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 144: 159-169.
Zhang, J., Jørgensen, S.E., Tan, C.O. and M. Beklioglu (2003). A structurally dynamic modelling—Lake Mogan, Turkey as a case study. Ecological Modelling, 164: 103- 120.